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• ESP32-CAM Module: This module is the core of the system. It provides WiFi connectivity and has an integrated camera. It processes data received from the motion sensor and can transmit images over WiFi.
• HC-SR501 PIR Sensor: This sensor detects motion by measuring changes in infrared radiation levels emitted by surrounding objects. When motion is detected, it sends a signal to the ESP32-CAM to activate the camera.
• Power Regulation: The project includes power nets for +5V and +3.3V to power the components properly.
• Communication Headers (J1, J2): These headers are used to connect external devices or for programming, setup, and control of the ESP32-CAM.
• Passive and Active Components:
  • Resistors like $R3$ and $R4$ are used for biasing transistors and limiting current.
  • Capacitors like $C1$, $C2$, and $C3$ are used for filtering and decoupling power supply lines to smooth out voltage fluctuations.
  • Transistors such as $Q1$ are used to switch or amplify electrical signals.
  • Diodes, like $D2$, can be used for rectification or protecting circuits from reverse voltage.
• Flash Memory (W25Q128FVPIQ TR): This component offers additional storage to the ESP32-CAM, which can be used for data logging or firmware storage.

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• Purpose: The PIR sensor detects motion by measuring changes in infrared radiation, which are emitted by objects in its field of view.
• Operation: When a moving object, particularly a warm body like a human, enters its sensing area, the infrared radiation level changes. The PIR sensor outputs a digital signal indicating motion detection.
• Pins:
  • D (Pin 1): This is the digital output pin where the sensor sends a voltage signal high when motion is detected.
  • S (Pin 2): Typically connected to the power source (VCC) for the sensor.
  • G (Pin 3): Ground connection for the sensor.

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• Motion Detection: The HC-SR501 detects movement based on changes in infrared radiation. When a living being, such as a person or an animal, moves within its field of view, the sensor detects this change and outputs a signal.
• Signal Output: The sensor has a "Data" pin that outputs a high signal when motion is detected. This can be used to trigger other components in the circuit, such as turning on a camera or lighting up an LED.
• Power Supply: $U2$ requires a power supply, typically around 5V, connected to its "VCC" pin, and a ground connection to its "GND" pin.

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• PIR Sensor Functionality: The HC-SR501 detects motion by measuring variations in the infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. When there is a sudden change, such as a warm body moving in front of it, the sensor triggers an output signal.
• Output Signal: Upon detecting motion, the sensor typically provides a digital high signal on its output pin, which can be connected to other devices to trigger actions (e.g., turning on a light or activating a camera as in your project).
• Power and Ground Connections: It usually requires a DC voltage to operate, around 5V to 20V, which in this case is connected through VCC, and has a GND pin for ground connection.
• Applications: It is commonly used in security systems, automatic lighting, and other motion detection applications.