copilot

• Safety: The most important reason to keep the AC mains ground separate from the low voltage (LV) ground is safety. Mixing the two can pose significant risks, including electric shock or inadvertently introducing high voltage into low-voltage parts of the circuit, potentially causing damage or even fires.
• Noise and Interference: High-voltage AC lines can introduce noise into the low voltage DC circuits, especially if the grounds are shared. This can lead to erratic behavior or malfunction of sensitive electronics.
• Regulatory Compliance: Certain standards and regulations may necessitate the separation of grounds for AC mains and low-voltage circuits. Compliance ensures that the design can be legally and safely deployed in its intended environment.

• Separate Ground Nets: Design your circuit with distinct ground nets for the 220V AC and low voltage components. In schematic representation and PCB layout, these should be clearly identified as such, for example, AC_GND and DC_GND.
• Ground Connection: While the AC and DC grounds should be kept separate on the board, they should ideally connect at a single point, typically at the power supply. This practice, known as "single-point grounding," minimizes the risk of ground loops which can introduce interference.
• Isolated Power Supply: If your design powers the low voltage circuitry from the 220V AC, use an isolated power supply. This ensures that the two grounds are physically separated and prevents high voltage from reaching the low voltage parts of your circuit.
• Physical Separation: When laying out your PCB, ensure there's a clear physical separation between the high voltage and low voltage sections. Place components and route traces in a way that minimizes any risk of arcing or interference. Using slots or moats in the PCB around high voltage traces can enhance safety.

• Fusing and Protection: Incorporate appropriate fusing on the AC main input to protect against overcurrent conditions. Also, consider using surge protection devices (SPDs) and/or a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) for transient suppression.
• Clear Labeling: Clearly label the different sections and ground nets on both your schematic and the PCB. This helps in maintenance and avoids confusion during assembly or inspection.

copilot

• HLK-20M05 (PS1): It's already included in your project, with connections to AC mains (AC(L) and AC(N)) and outputs (+VO and -VO).

1. Fusing:
   • Include a fuse on the AC input line for overcurrent protection. If F1 isn't assigned this role, it should be. Connect it in series with the AC(L) line of the HLK-20M05.
2. EMI Filtering and Varistor:
   • EMI filtering on the AC input is important for reducing electromagnetic interference. This can be accomplished with a combination of capacitors and inductors, but specific components are not listed in your project details.
   • A varistor across the AC input lines (AC(L) and AC(N)) for surge protection is advisable. If Z1 is a metal oxide varistor (MOV), then it's correctly placed for this purpose.
3. Electrolytic Capacitor on Output:
   • It appears you have C6 (220uF), which is good for smoothing out ripples on the DC output. Ensure it's connected across the +VO and -VO (GND) outputs of the HLK-20M05.
4. Rectification and Smoothing (If Needed):
   • Since HLK-20M05 provides a DC output, additional rectification isn't required. However, the inclusion of smoothing capacitors, like C6 mentioned before, is necessary.
5. Load Connections:
   • Ensure that the output (+VO and -VO) of the HLK-20M05 is correctly connected to your circuit's power input nets. In your schematic, +VO should be connected to 5V nets and -VO to GND.

• Connect F1:P1 to AC mains (Live wire preferably), and F1:P2 to PS1:AC(L).
• Connect AC mains Neutral wire to PS1:AC(N).
• Connect PS1:+VO to 5V power net.
• Place C6 with one leg on PS1:+VO and the other on PS1:-VO for output filtering.
• Ensure PS1:-VO is connected to your project's ground net (GND).

• Safety Considerations: The HLK-20M05 module should be enclosed in a suitably rated enclosure to prevent accidental contact with AC mains voltages.
• Regulatory Compliance: Your stated compliance requirements are RoHS, FCC, CE. Make sure your overall design, including this power supply section, adheres to the appropriate standards and regulations regarding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and safety.

copilot

cosmoskiller

copilot

1. Input Capacitor: A capacitor close to the VIN pin (3) of the AMS1117 can help smooth out any input noise and provide a more stable input voltage. The datasheet of similar LDO regulators recommends a value, typically around 10µF. It seems you have not explicitly mentioned an input capacitor for U2.
2. Output Capacitor: For stability, the AMS1117-3.3 requires an output capacitor. You've provided a capacitor, C1 (10u capacity, connected likely on VOUT), based on general practices and the AMS1117 series requirements, which matches the recommendation to include a capacitor of around 10uF on the output to ensure stability[1].
3. Ground Connections: Ensure that the GND Pin (1) and the TAB (also connected to GND internally) are properly connected to the ground net in your circuit. It appears you've followed this principle, considering the schematic conventions you've outlined.
4. Proper Heat Sinking: The AMS1117 can dissipate heat through the TAB. Make sure there's enough copper area on your PCB acting as a heat sink to manage the heat, especially if you're dropping a significant voltage or drawing considerable current.
5. Decoupling Capacitors on VIN/VOUT for Adjacent ICs: While not part of the AMS1117 directly, ensure that any IC powered by the AMS1117 has its decoupling capacitors close by. This isn't directly related to the AMS1117 but is good practice for stable power supply lines.