Short answer: use 2 layers. You’ve already set the stackup to a 2‑layer board with a bottom GND plane, which is the right choice here.
Why 2 layers is recommended
- Clean ground return: A continuous bottom GND plane gives short, predictable return paths and minimizes ground bounce into the 555 timing node and CD4017 logic (best practice: manage return paths with a solid plane to avoid coupling into signals).
- Easier, cleaner routing: Short, direct clock from U5 to U6, symmetric LED routes to R3–R12, and simple USB‑C grounds around J1.
- Decoupling done right: Close, low‑impedance returns for C1 at U6, C4 at U5, C5/C6 to GND.
Could it be 1 layer?
- Possible, but you’d likely need jumpers and a fragmented “ground by traces,” which hurts return‑path control and increases noise on the 555/clock node. With the LED arc and both power inputs (J1, TB1), a single‑layer layout will be tighter and messier.
Recommendation
- Stay with 2 layers and keep the bottom as a continuous GND plane. It simplifies routing, improves robustness, and aligns with your current setup and manufacturing goals.