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• Resistors R1 and R2 are involved in setting up the threshold/feedback for this configuration.

• For a non-inverting comparator, (V_{out}=V_{cc}) if (V_{+} > V_{-})
• For an inverting comparator, (V_{out}=0V) if (V_{+} > V_{-})

• Typically in a comparator circuit, resistors are used to set up a reference voltage or for hysteresis.
• For hysteresis, (R_1) and (R_2) form a voltage divider. The reference voltage is then $V_{ref} = V_{cc} \times \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}$

• Reference voltage for U2 could be set externally or using a voltage divider.
• The output voltage calculation in a feedback arrangement would depend on the feedback network and the configuration specifics.

• The resistances can shape the gain or threshold levels depending on the circuit design.

• Output voltage is 10mV/°C.

• No external resistances are directly involved in its operation.
• To calculate the temperature from the output voltage: $Temperature (°C) = \frac{V_{out}}{10mV/°C}$

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• Feedback Network on non-inverting configuration via R1 and R2.

• (V_{in}) is the input voltage from the sensor (U3, LM35)
• (R1) is the resistance between U1:- and ground (500Ω)
• (R2) is the resistance between U1:OUTPUT and U1:+ (5000Ω)

• (Vcc) = 5V (from V1)
• (V_{ce(sat)}) approx. 0.2V for saturation
• (R_{load}) (R6) = 47kΩ

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• U3 (LM35CZ/NOPB): This is a temperature sensor that outputs a voltage linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The output voltage changes by 10mV per °C.
• U1 & U2 (LM741): These are operational amplifiers used for signal processing. Based on the connections, they might be used for amplification, buffering, or forming a control loop.
• Q1: A BJT possibly used for switching or amplification, partially controlled by the temperature sensor (directly or indirectly through Op-Amps).
• R1, R2, R3, R4, R5: These resistors serve various purposes such as setting operational points, biasing, and feedback in the circuit.

1. Temperature Sensor Output: For the LM35, the output voltage = $Temperature (°C) \times 10mV/°C$. If the ambient temperature is 25°C, the output would be $25°C \times 10mV/°C = 250mV$.
2. Op-Amp Configurations: Without specific net relationships or desired gains outlined, detailed calculations for each Op-Amp configuration cannot be provided. Generally, the gain for an operational amplifier can be calculated as, for a simple non-inverting amplifier, $Gain = 1 + \frac{R_f}{R_{in}}$, where (R_f) is feedback resistance and (R_{in}) is input resistance.
3. BJT Operation: The specific operation (saturation, cutoff, or active mode) of Q1 depends on the voltages applied to its base, emitter, and collector. These would be dependent on the output of other components like the LM35 and the Op-Amps and the specific resistances in the circuit. A general relationship for BJT operation (in active mode) is given by $I_C = \beta \times I_B$, where (I_C) is the collector current, (\beta) is the current gain, and (I_B) is the base current.

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• Let's assume (V_{+}) comes from the sensor U3, which has a typical output of 10mV/°C. Without the exact temperature, let's assume room temperature (25°C) for simplicity, giving us (V_{+} = 0.25V).
• Given values: (R1 = 500\Omega), (R2 = 5000\Omega).

• A voltage divider or Zener diode could establish a reference voltage at (V_{+}) or (V_{-}).
• The resistors in the feedback loop then determine the gain or output based on this reference.

• The base current ((I_B)) can be found as (I_B = \frac{V_{in} - V_{BE}}{R_{base}}), with (V_{BE}) typically around 0.7V.
• The collector current ((I_C)) can be approximated as (I_C = \beta \times I_B) where (\beta) is the transistor's gain, here given as 100.

• (V_{out} = 10mV/°C \times Temperature)