Voltage Regulator Circuit Overview

flux

0:53

Aquí tienes una explicación breve de cómo abordar ambas mediciones, junto con las ecuaciones generales:
1. Medición de la impedancia
Para medir la impedancia de salida del regulador (o de cualquier circuito similar) se suele usar un pequeño "test signal" AC superpuesto al voltaje DC de salida. En resumen:
  • Método experimental:
    Inyecta una señal AC de amplitud pequeña (sin alterar la polarización) en la salida y mide la variación en el voltaje (( \Delta V )) y la variación en la corriente (( \Delta I )) que resulta en el circuito.
  • Ecuación de la impedancia:
    Calcula la impedancia usando la relación
    Z=ΔVΔI\Large Z = \frac{\Delta V}{\Delta I}
    Esta relación te da una aproximación del comportamiento dinámico del circuito en la frecuencia de prueba.
2. Cálculo de la resistencia mínima y máxima
En un regulador serie con elevador de corriente, la selección de los valores de resistencia en la red de polarización (y en carga o ajuste) se hace en función de las condiciones de operación del diodo Zener y del transistor. Se utilizan dos consideraciones generales:
  • Resistencia máxima ((R_{max})):
    Se determina a partir de la condición en la que se necesita garantizar la corriente mínima de regulación en el diodo Zener. Por ejemplo, si ( V_{in} ) es la tensión de entrada y ( V_Z ) la tensión del Zener, para asegurar que el diodo se mantenga en zona de regulación con una corriente mínima ( I_{Z(min)} ) se usa:
    Rmax=Vin−VZIZ(min)\Large R_{max} = \frac{V_{in} - V_Z}{I_{Z(min)}}
  • Resistencia mínima ((R_{min})):
    Por otro lado, durante condiciones de máxima demanda (o para evitar que la corriente exceda la capacidad del Zener o del transistor), se puede definir una resistencia mínima utilizando la corriente máxima permitida ( I_{Z(max)} ):
    Rmin=Vin−VZIZ(max)\Large R_{min} = \frac{V_{in} - V_Z}{I_{Z(max)}}
Además, si consideramos el comportamiento del transistor en su región activa, la impedancia "vista" en la salida (o desde el terminal del emisor) se puede aproximar usando su transconductancia ( g_m ):
Zout≈1gm\Large Z_{out} \approx \frac{1}{g_m}
Consideraciones:
  • Las condiciones exactas dependen de las características específicas del Zener y del transistor (por ejemplo, la corriente mínima requerida para la regulación y la máxima tolerada).
  • Es importante asegurarse de que la polarización se encuentre en el rango adecuado para no saturar al transistor ni dejar al diodo Zener sin corriente suficiente para fijar la tensión.
¿Quieres detalles adicionales sobre cómo extraer los parámetros ( I_{Z(min)} ), ( I_{Z(max)} ) o ( g_m ) de los datasheets, o tienes alguna otra duda?
Specify Zener diode parameters
Identify transistor transconductance
Calculate exact impedance and resistance
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U3
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U2
R1
Resistance
500 Ω
U1
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