1. W5500 to the RJ45 (which is J11 in your project)
   • The $W5500$ has integrated Ethernet MAC and PHY, so the connections to the RJ45 are direct connections through its Ethernet pins:
     • W5500:TXN (Pin 1) to RJ45:TX- (Pin 5)
     • W5500:TXP (Pin 2) to RJ45:TX+ (Pin 6)
     • W5500:RXN (Pin 5) to RJ45:RX- (Pin 3)
     • W5500:RXP (Pin 6) to RJ45:RX+ (Pin 4)
     • W5500:GND (Pin 3, 9, 14, 16, 19, 29, 48) to RJ45:Shield (typically Pin 8 or the case)
     • W5500:ACTLED (Pin 27), LINKLED (Pin 25) to control Ethernet activity and link LEDs on RJ45 (if applicable).
2. W5500 SPI Interface to ESP32
   • The $W5500$ uses the SPI interface to communicate with the microcontroller. Below are the SPI connections:
     • W5500:SCSN (Pin 32) to ESP32:GPIO5 (or any GPIO defined as SS/CS)
     • W5500:SCLK (Pin 33) to ESP32:GPIO18 (or any GPIO defined as SCLK)
     • W5500:MOSI (Pin 35) to ESP32:GPIO23 (or any GPIO defined as MOSI)
     • W5500:MISO (Pin 34) to ESP32:GPIO19 (or any GPIO defined as MISO)
     • W5500:$\sim$RSTN (Pin 37) to ESP32:GPIO21 (or any GPIO defined for reset, optional)
     • W5500:$\sim$INTN (Pin 36) to ESP32:GPIO4 (or any GPIO defined for interrupt, optional)
     • W5500:VDD (Pin 28) to ESP32:3V3 (Pin 1)

1. $W5500$ to RJ45 (J11):
   • W5500:TXN to J11:5
   • W5500:TXP to J11:6
   • W5500:RXN to J11:3
   • W5500:RXP to J11:4
   • W5500:GND to J11:8
2. $W5500$ to $ESP32$ (U3):
   • W5500:SCSN to U3:GPIO5
   • W5500:SCLK to U3:GPIO18
   • W5500:MOSI to U3:GPIO23
   • W5500:MISO to U3:GPIO19
   • W5500:$\sim$RSTN to U3:GPIO21 (optional)
   • W5500:$\sim$INTN to U3:GPIO4 (optional)
   • W5500:VDD to U3:3V3

1. ESP32 Will Control Relays: The GPIO pins of the ESP32 will be used to control the relays.
2. Manual Switches as Input to ESP32: The switches will provide input signals to the ESP32 GPIO pins.
3. Active High Logic: Pressing a switch connects it to VCC, providing a HIGH signal to the GPIO pin.
4. Pull-down Resistors: Use internal pull-down resistors to ensure the GPIO pins detect a low signal when the switches are not pressed.

• Switches (SW1 to SW7) have two pins named 1 and 2.
• Relays (K1 to K7) have the pins named A1, A2, NC, COM, NO.

• Switch SW1 to SW7: Connect one side of each switch to VCC.
• Pull-down Resistors: Configure the internal pull-down resistors on the ESP32 for each GPIO pin connected to the switches.
• Connections (using GPIOs for switches):

1. Connect SW1:2 to U3:GPIO32 (assume this pin for SW1).
2. Connect SW2:2 to U3:GPIO33 (assume this pin for SW2).
3. Connect SW3:2 to U3:GPIO34 (assume this pin for SW3).
4. Connect SW4:2 to U3:GPIO35 (assume this pin for SW4).
5. Connect SW5:2 to U3:GPIO25 (assume this pin for SW5).
6. Connect SW6:2 to U3:GPIO26 (assume this pin for SW6).
7. Connect SW7:2 to U3:GPIO27 (assume this pin for SW7).

• Relay Control: Connect the GPIO pins of the ESP32 to the base of transistors that drive the relay coils. In this example, I'll assume direct control.
• Connections (using GPIOs for relays):

1. Connect U3:GPIO16 to K1:A1 (assume this pin for K1).
2. Connect U3:GPIO17 to K2:A1 (assume this pin for K2).
3. Connect U3:GPIO18 to K3:A1 (assume this pin for K3).
4. Connect U3:GPIO19 to K4:A1 (assume this pin for K4).
5. Connect U3:GPIO22 to K5:A1 (assume this pin for K5).
6. Connect U3:GPIO23 to K6:A1 (assume this pin for K6).
7. Connect U3:GPIO21 to K7:A1 (assume this pin for K7).

• Connect the other side of the switches (SW1 to SW7:1) to GND.
• Connect the ground of the ESP32 (U3:GND) to the common GND.

• Switch SW1:
  • Connect SW1:1 to GND.
  • Connect SW1:2 to U3:GPIO32.
• Relay K1:
  • Connect U3:GPIO16 to K1:A1, and K1:COM to the load’s input.

Cpp
pinMode(GPIO32, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO33, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO34, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO35, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO25, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO26, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(GPIO27, INPUT_PULLDOWN);

Cpp
void setup() {
  // Define GPIO pins for switches as inputs
  pinMode(32, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(33, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(34, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(35, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(25, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(26, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(27, INPUT_PULLDOWN);

  // Define GPIO pins for relays as outputs
  pinMode(16, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(17, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(18, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(19, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(22, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(23, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(21, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Read switches and control relays
  digitalWrite(16, digitalRead(32));
  digitalWrite(17, digitalRead(33));
  digitalWrite(18, digitalRead(34));
  digitalWrite(19, digitalRead(35));
  digitalWrite(22, digitalRead(25));
  digitalWrite(23, digitalRead(26));
  digitalWrite(21, digitalRead(27));
}

• Net 76 (SCLK) involving $U3:GPIO18$
• Net 83 (SCL) involving $U3:GPIO22$
• Net 77 (MOSI) involving $U3:GPIO23$

1. Connecting Net 77 (MOSI) to GPIO23:
   • Connect U1 MOSI - U3 GPIO23:P1 to U3:GPIO23.
2. Connecting Net 78 (MISO) to GPIO19:
   • Connect U1 MISO - U3 GPIO19:P1 to U3:GPIO19.
3. Connecting Net 83 (SCL) to GPIO22:
   • Connect U2 SCL - U3 GPIO22:P1 to U3:GPIO22.
4. Connecting Net 80 ($\sim$INTN) to GPIO4:
   • Connect U1 $\sim$INTN - U3 GPIO4:P1 to U3:GPIO4.

• MOSI (Master Out Slave In): Used for SPI communication.
• MISO (Master In Slave Out): Used for SPI communication.
• SCL (Serial Clock Line): Used for I2C communication.
• $\sim$INTN (Interrupt): Used for handling interrupts.

1. HLK-PM01: AC-DC Power module.
2. Fuse: Slow-blow fuse, rated appropriately for the current requirements.
3. Varistors: MOV or TVS diode.
4. ESP32 module: Like the ESP32-DEVKIT-V1.

1. AC Input Connection:
   • Connect the AC input lines to the HLK-PM01.
   • Use a fuse and a varistor for protection on the AC side.
2. DC Output Connection:
   • The HLK-PM01 will provide a 5V DC output.

1. Fuse:
   • Connect one of the AC input lines to the one side of the fuse.
   • Connect the other side of the fuse to the AC/L pin of the HLK-PM01.
2. Varistor:
   • Connect the varistor across the two AC input lines for surge protection.

1. HLK-PM01 to ESP32:
   • HLK-PM01: +Vout to ESP32: VIN
   • HLK-PM01: -Vout to ESP32: GND

• Fuse rating: 0.5A slow-blow fuse
• Varistor (MOV): Suitable for 230V AC

1. AC Input Protection:
   • Connect Fuse:
     • Connect the Live AC wire to the fuse.
     • Connect the other side of the fuse to the AC/L pin of the HLK-PM01.
   • Connect Varistor:
     • Connect one terminal of the Varistor to the Live AC wire before the fuse.
     • Connect the other terminal of the Varistor to the Neutral AC wire.
2. AC Connections to HLK-PM01:
   • Connect Neutral AC wire directly to AC/N pin of the HLK-PM01.
3. DC Output to ESP32:
   • HLK-PM01: +Vout to ESP32: VIN
   • HLK-PM01: -Vout to ESP32: GND

• Connect the Live wire of AC to the fuse, then the fuse to $PS1: AC/L$.
• Connect a varistor across the Live and Neutral wires of AC.
• Connect the Neutral wire directly to $PS1: AC/N$.
• Connect $PS1: +Vout$ to $U1: VIN$.
• Connect $PS1: -Vout$ to $U1: GND$.

1. Generic Terms:
   • Fuse
   • SMD Fuse
   • Through-Hole Fuse
   • Fuse Holder
   • Resettable Fuse (if you're looking for PPTC fuses)
2. Common Part Numbers:
   • Bel Fuse 0ZCJ0050FF2G
   • Littelfuse 0454.500MRL
   • Littelfuse ATO 257 series
   • Littelfuse PICO II 251 series
3. Distributors:
   • Search for fuses directly on distributor sites like Digi-Key, Mouser, or LCSC and then look up those part numbers in the Flux library.

• Bel Fuse 0ZCJ0050FF2G
• Littelfuse 0454.500MRL
• Bussmann Fuse
• Vishay Fuse

1. Open the components search bar in Flux.
2. Try entering one of the generic terms.
3. If a generic search fails, use specific part numbers from the examples given above.
4. Look for a general category related to protection components and navigate to fuses if it's categorized that way.

• ESP32 Module (ESP32-DEVKIT-V1)
• Relays (such as the SRD-05VDC-SL-C)
• NPN Transistors (e.g., 2N2222)
• Base Resistors (typically 1kΩ, but 330Ω can also work)
• Flyback Diodes (e.g., 1N4007W)
• 5V Power Supply (provided by HLK-PM03)

1. Relays to GPIO Pins:
   • GPIO 0 to GPIO 7 of the ESP32 will each control a relay.
   • Use an NPN transistor (e.g., 2N2222) to drive each relay.
2. Power Port for Relay Coil:
   • Use the 5V output from the HLK-PM03 to power the relay coils.

1. GPIO to Relay Control:
   For each relay (SRD-05VDC-SL-C):
   • Flyback Diode:
     • Connect the cathode of D1 to the positive end of the relay coil (COM pin).
     • Connect the anode of D1 to the ground end of the relay coil.
   • Transistor Circuit:
     • Base Resistor: Connect a 1kΩ resistor between GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO 0) and the base of the 2N2222.
     • Emitter: Connect the emitter of the 2N2222 to ground.
     • Collector: Connect the collector of the 2N2222 to one end of the relay coil.
   • Relay Coil Power:
     • Connect the other end of the relay coil to the 5V output of the HLK-PM03.
   Repeat this setup for each GPIO pin (GPIO 0 to GPIO 7).

1. Connect ESP32 GPIO 0 to R3 (1kΩ) P1 to the base of Q2.
2. Connect Q2: E to ground.
3. Connect Q2: C to one side of K1 A1.
4. Connect the other side of K1 A2 to the 5V output of the HLK-PM03.
5. Connect the cathode of D1 to K1 NO, and the anode to the ground side of the relay coil.

• GPIO to Resistors:
  • Connect GPIO 0 to one end of R1 (1kΩ resistor), and the other end of the R1 to the base of the Q2.
  Repeat for GPIO 1 to GPIO 7 with R2 to R8.
• Transistor Emitters:
  • Connect Q2 E to the ground.
  • Repeat for Q3 to Q9 emitters.
• Transistor Collectors to Relays:
  • Connect Q2 C to one side of the relay coil K2 A1.
  • Repeat for Q3 to Q9 collectors to respective relay coils' A1.
• Relay Coils to 5V Power:
  • Connect the other side of the relay coils K2 A2 to the 5V output from HLK-PM03.
  • Repeat for other relays' A2 to the 5V output.
• Flyback Diodes:
  • Connect the cathode of each D1 to the 5V side of the relay coil and the anode to the ground side.

1. Connect GPIO 0 to one side of R1 (1kΩ resistor).
2. Connect the other side of R1 to the base of Q1 (2N2222 Transistor).
3. Connect the emitter of Q1 to ground.
4. Connect the collector of Q1 to one side of the relay coil K1 (A1 Pin).
5. Connect the other side of the relay coil K1 (A2 Pin) to the 5V output from PS2.
6. Connect the cathode of D1 to A2 Pin of K1,.
7. Connect the anode of D1 to the collector side of the relay coil.

• Relay: SRD-05VDC-SL-C (K8)
• Optoisolator: PC817C (Q3)
• Diode: 1N4007W (D1)
• Status LED: You can use any general-purpose LED along with a current-limiting resistor.

1. Optoisolator to ESP32 and Relay:
   • The anode (pin 1) of the optoisolator LED connects to the ESP32 GPIO pin (e.g., $GPIO23$).
   • The cathode (pin 2) of the optoisolator LED connects to the ground via a current-limiting resistor ($R9$).
   • Connect $Q3:1$ to $U3:GPIO23$.
   • Connect $Q3:2$ to $R9:P2$.
   • Connect $R9:P1$ to $U3:GND$.
2. Control Side of the Optoisolator to Relay:
   • Collector (pin 4) of the optoisolator connects to the relay coil's negative side ($K8: A1$).
   • Emission (pin 3) of the optoisolator connects to the ground.
   • Connect $Q3:4$ to $K8:A1$.
   • Connect $Q3:3$ to $U3:GND$.
3. Relay Connections:
   • The positive terminal of the relay coil ($K8: A2$) connects to the 5V power line.
   • A flyback diode is placed across the relay coil to protect against voltage spikes, with the cathode connected to the positive side of the relay coil and the anode connected to the negative side.
   • Connect $K8:A2$ to $U3:5V$.
   • Connect $D1:A$ to $K8:A1$.
   • Connect $D1:K$ to $K8:A2$.
4. Status LED:
   • One side of the status LED (anode) connects to a GPIO pin of the ESP32 (e.g., $GPIO4$).
   • The other side of the LED (cathode) connects to the ground via a current-limiting resistor ($R11$).
   • Connect the anode of the LED (mark it with a new designator) to $U3:GPIO4$.
   • Connect the cathode of the LED to $R11:P2$.
   • Connect $R11:P1$ to $U3:GND$.

• Optoisolator LED Side:
  • Connect $Q3:1$ to $U3:GPIO23$.
  • Connect $Q3:2$ to $R9:P2$.
  • Connect $R9:P1$ to $U3:GND$.
• Optoisolator Transistor Side:
  • Connect $Q3:4$ to $K8:A1$.
  • Connect $Q3:3$ to $U3:GND$.
• Relay and Flyback Diode:
  • Connect $K8:A2$ to $U3:5V$.
  • Connect $D1:A$ to $K8:A1$.
  • Connect $D1:K$ to $K8:A2$.
• Status LED:
  • Connect the anode of the LED to $U3:GPIO4$.
  • Connect the cathode of the LED to $R11:P2$.
  • Connect $R11:P1$ to $U3:GND$.

1. Power Connections:
   • GND: Connect the GND pin of the DS3231 AT24C32 module to any GND pin on the ESP32.
   • VCC: Connect the VCC pin of the DS3231 AT24C32 module to the 3V3 pin on the ESP32.
2. I2C Connections:
   • SDA: Connect the SDA pin of the DS3231 AT24C32 module to the GPIO21 (SDA) pin on the ESP32.
   • SCL: Connect the SCL pin of the DS3231 AT24C32 module to the GPIO22 (SCL) pin on the ESP32.

• Connect DS3231 AT24C32:GND to U3:GND
• Connect DS3231 AT24C32:VCC to U3:3V3
• Connect DS3231 AT24C32:SDA to U3:GPIO21
• Connect DS3231 AT24C32:SCL to U3:GPIO22