Transistores NPN y PNP

flux

0:33

Below is a summary of the proposed schematic changes for demonstrating the three operating states—cutoff, active, and saturation—using a 12V supply:
1. NPN Transistor (2N2222)
  • Emitter: Connect to Ground.
  • Collector: Connect through a resistor (e.g., R1 - 1kΩ) to +12V.
  • Base:
    • Use a potentiometer (e.g., Potentiometer) connected between +12V and Ground.
    • Connect the wiper of the potentiometer to the base through a base resistor (e.g., R2) if needed.
Operation:
  • With a low base drive (potentiometer near Ground), the transistor remains in cutoff.
  • Increasing the base voltage moves the transistor into its active region.
  • When the base current is sufficiently high (potentiometer near +12V), the transistor enters saturation.
2. PNP Transistor (2N2907)
  • Emitter: Connect to +12V.
  • Collector: Connect through a resistor (e.g., R3 - 1kΩ) to Ground.
  • Base:
    • Use a potentiometer (e.g., Potentiometer) connected with its ends to Ground and +12V.
    • The wiper is then connected (possibly through a resistor such as R4) to the base.
Operation:
  • With a base voltage near +12V, the PNP transistor is in cutoff.
  • As the wiper voltage drops into the proper biasing range, the transistor operates in the active region.
  • Driving the base significantly below the emitter voltage forces the transistor into saturation.
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