# SMT vs Through-Hole Technology: Which Should You Use? Learn the differences between SMT and through-hole PCB assembly and how to choose the right method. Written by [Gabriel Hacohen](#) Published Jun 2026 - 8 min read [![A comparison illustration of SMT and through-hole PCB assembly technologies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smt-vs-through-hole/main.webp)](#) Whether you are using surface mount technology (SMT) vs through-hole technology (THT) shapes everything downstream: layout constraints, assembly costs, and how your hardware holds up when it leaves the lab. SMT handles extreme miniaturization and rapid automation. Through-hole takes on high-current loads, mechanical stress, and breadboard prototyping. Your layout constraints, assembly costs, and durability requirements naturally dictate the winner. SMT shrinks components, cutting parasitic inductance. THT anchors leads directly through the board stack-up. Selecting the right approach just means matching the component's job to the correct mounting style. ## Key Takeaways - [Surface Mount Technology (SMT)](#what-is-surface-mount-technology-smt) enables extreme miniaturization, high-speed performance, and cost-efficient mass production by mounting components directly to PCB surfaces without drilled holes. - [Through-hole technology](#what-is-through-hole-technology-tht) delivers superior mechanical strength and durability by anchoring component leads through the full PCB stack-up, making it ideal for high-stress and high-power applications. - [The right choice between SMT and THT](#when-to-use-each-method) depends on your production volume, performance requirements, and mechanical stress conditions, with many modern designs successfully combining both. ## What Is Surface Mount Technology (SMT)? SMT mounts components directly onto surface pads of a [printed circuit board (PCB)](https://docs.flux.ai/tutorials/flux-tutorials), no drilled holes required. A solder paste stencil deposits a precise mixture of flux and solder alloy onto the pads. Pick-and-place machines then position SMT components onto the wet paste before the board travels through a reflow oven, where heat melts the solder into reliable mechanical and electrical joints. The practical result is miniaturization. Standard passives have shrunk to 0402, 0201, and even 01005 imperial package sizes. Because SMT uses no through-holes for components, you can populate both the top and bottom layers of a board, and your inner copper layers stay free for routing. Shorter lead lengths also mean lower parasitic inductance and capacitance, which directly improves signal integrity at high frequencies. Over 90% of PCB assemblies today use surface-mount components, and that number reflects the reality of modern manufacturing economics. ## What Is Through-Hole Technology (THT)? From the second generation of computers in the 1950s until SMT became popular in the mid-1980s, every component on a typical PCB was a through-hole component. THT inserts component leads (axial or radial) into plated through-holes (PTH) drilled completely through the board, then solders them to pads on the opposite side via hand-soldering or wave soldering. The key advantage is mechanical. Solder wicks up the full barrel of the plated hole, anchoring the component through the entire [board stack-up](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-stackup-design-guide). THT components are highly durable and can withstand environmental stress, making them suitable for heavy-duty applications. That is why THT persists in aerospace, industrial, and high-power designs where a failed solder joint is not recoverable in the field. The tradeoff is real estate. The additional drilling required makes boards more expensive to produce, and the holes limit available [routing area](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/ai-auto-layout-winter-update) for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multilayer boards. ## Key Differences Between SMT vs Through-Hole The performance gap between the two methods shows up most clearly in throughput. Industry numbers show SMT lines can hit tens of thousands of placements per hour, while THT insertion, even when semi-automated, is a fraction of that speed. Some manufacturers estimate a 10-20x difference in throughput between SMT and through-hole processes. Cost scales the same way. SMT eliminates steps such as lead forming, bending, and trimming, which can reduce total manufacturing costs by 30-50% compared with through-hole assembly at production volumes. That said, SMT does carry some upfront setup expenses. You need stencils for solder paste application, which typically run between $50 and $200 depending on board complexity. While this price tag isn't exorbitant, it adds a fixed cost layer. This fixed cost matters during small prototype runs, especially when you compare it to the zero-setup nature of hand-soldering THT parts. ### SMT vs. Through-Hole Comparison | Metric | SMT | THT | | --- | --- | --- | | **Component Size** | Down to 01005 imperial | Bulky; requires macroscopic handling using axial and radial lead insertion machines, DIP inserters, or manual labor. | | **Assembly Speed** | Placement speed of 1000's/hr | Manual or semi-automated; 10-20x slower | | **Mechanical Strength** | Moderate (surface adhesion only) | High (lead bonded through full stack-up) | | **Cost at Volume** | Lower (up to 30-50% cheaper at scale) | Higher (manual labor, drilling costs) | | **Prototyping Ease** | Requires stencils and hot-air tools | Excellent for breadboards and hand-soldering | | **Parasitic Effects** | Low (short leads, compact pads) | Higher (longer leads add inductance) | | **Routing Impact** | Inner layers remain free | Drill holes block routing on all layers | ## Advantages and Disadvantages **SMT Advantages:** - Allows double-sided population and extreme component density - Lower parasitic inductance and capacitance benefit high-speed signal integrity - SMT components can weigh up to ten times less than traditional counterparts, which matters in aerospace and portable applications - Significantly lower per-unit cost during mass production **SMT Disadvantages:** - High initial setup cost: stencils, machine programming, and pick-and-place feeders - The small size of surface mount components and the high density of SMT boards make them tricky to replace or repair without specialized hot-air stations - Solder joints in SMT can be more susceptible to mechanical stress and thermal cycling **THT Advantages:** - Unmatched mechanical durability against vibration, shock, and physical pull forces - Well-suited for high-voltage and high-current power components - Low barrier to entry for prototyping: no stencils, no specialized equipment **THT Disadvantages:** - Holes must pass through all layers, limiting available routing area for signal traces on inner layers - The through-hole assembly cost tends to be higher in mass production due to the manual labor often required for insertion and soldering - Component sizes prohibit true miniaturization ## When to Use Each Method Your application environment should drive this decision, not a preference for one technology. **Choose SMT for:** - Smartphones, wearables, and compact consumer electronics - High-speed digital logic (DDR memory, fast microprocessors) where lead inductance degrades signal integrity - Any design targeting high-volume production where automation drives down unit cost **Choose THT for:** - Automotive electronics (engine control modules, safety systems), industrial equipment (motor controllers, power supplies), and aerospace and defense systems requiring high reliability - High-power components: large electrolytic capacitors, transformers, and power relays - Heavy mechanical connectors (barrel jacks, USB-B ports, large D-sub connectors) that take direct physical stress from users Many modern assemblies use mixed technology, combining SMT for miniaturization and performance with through-hole for connectors, switches, or larger components that require mechanical strength. A typical hybrid board runs 90%+ SMT for logic and compute, with THT reserved for the I/O interface layer. ## Common Mistakes When Choosing Assembly Methods **Defaulting to SMT for every component** is a recurring mistake, particularly with connectors. Mounting a USB-C port or power jack using only surface pads is a common failure point. When a user yanks a cable, the shear force rips the copper pad off the FR4 substrate entirely. Heavy mechanical connectors need through-hole anchor pins, even on an otherwise all-SMT board. **Underestimating THT labor costs at volume** is the inverse mistake. THT is inexpensive for a five-board prototype, but manual insertion labor will erode margins fast on a 10,000-unit production run. If you plan to scale, design for SMT from the start to avoid a costly redesign. **Mixing both types introduces a "shadowing" risk** during wave soldering. Tall THT capacitors placed too close to small SMT passives can block the solder wave from reaching adjacent pads, causing cold joints on the smaller components. Check your component height map before finalizing placement. ## How Modern PCB Tools Support Assembly Design Electronic design automation (EDA) tools handle the geometric and process rules for both assembly methods, and they do it in ways that manual layout simply cannot match at scale. When weighing SMT vs through-hole, this is where a modern hardware design platform like Flux steps in. Instead of wrestling with datasheets to verify clearances, you can rely on Flux to handle the heavy lifting. Such platforms automate generation of IPC-7351B-compliant **land patterns**. The primary intent of IPC-7351 is to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines that ensure correct component placement and reliable soldering in SMT. Fortunately, modern electronic design tools eliminate the guesswork. Current software speeds up your [board layout](https://docs.flux.ai/reference/reference-pcb-editor): - **3D Space Checks:** The engine models real space. It'll warn you if a machine nozzle might hit a tall part. - **Drill Tracking:** Software watches holes on all inner layers. It keeps your fast signal pairs far away from a connector's empty void. - **AI Help:** Web tools like Flux supply an [AI Copilot](https://docs.flux.ai/flux/reference/copilot). This bot writes your netlists, manages trace impedance, and catches faults early. Think of Flux as your AI hardware engineer. It gives you live part syncing and instant rule checks. The web editor spots SMT pad crashes or THT routing mistakes right away. Flux also optimizes multi-layer connections by deploying advanced features like [smart vias](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-density-pcbs-just-got-easier-with-smart-vias) to reduce manual routing errors. Plus, you get a built-in SPICE tool without downloading a single file. [Try Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p) and experience a faster, more reliable way to move from idea to manufacturable hardware. ## FAQs ### Can I use both SMT and THT on the same board? Yes, you can use both SMT and THT on the same board. Hybrid or mixed-technology assembly is standard practice: SMT for logic and passive components, THT for mechanical connectors and high-power parts. Be aware this adds process complexity, typically requiring both reflow and wave soldering passes. ### Is SMT always cheaper than THT? SMT assembly cost is generally lower than THT for high-volume production due to automation and smaller component sizes, while through-hole assembly cost can be more economical for low-volume or prototype builds where manual assembly is prioritized. The crossover point depends on your volume and the CM you're working with. ### Why is THT still used? Through-hole mounting techniques are now usually reserved for bulkier or heavier components such as electrolytic capacitors or semiconductors in larger packages that require additional mounting strength, or for components such as plug connectors or electromechanical relays that require great strength in support. Knowing when to apply SMT vs through hole technology dictates your board's performance, cost, and physical layout. In reality, most hardware projects blend the miniaturization of SMT with the mechanical resilience of THT. When you're ready to start laying out your hybrid board, [Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p) gives you the AI-powered tools and real-time collaboration features you need to move fast. Define your layout constraints in minutes, automatically optimize your via placement, and bring your hardware project to life with confidence. ## About the author Gabriel Hacohen Electronics Engineer at Flux Gabriel Hacohen is an electrical engineer with deep expertise in analog circuitry, medical devices, high-performance computing, and semiconductors. He holds both Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Electrical Engineering and has written for companies including NVIDIA, Cadence, Synopsys, Netflix, and Autodesk. Let’s start building Build your big idea together with Flux. All you need to do is describe what you want to make, or what problem you want to solve. Flux will work with you to make it a reality. ![Close-up photo of a PCB made with Flux, with an ESP32 module, buttons, and a microSD slot.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/miscellaneous/sidebar-cta-pcb.webp) [Try it Free](https://www.flux.ai/signup) ## More in PCB Design & Engineering Fundamentals [ ![What Is a PCB? 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systems](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/buck-boost-converters/main.webp) ### Buck and Boost Converters: How They Work and Where They’re Used 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/explore-the-advantages-of-buck-and-boost-converter-in-modern-electronics)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM2596 buck converter or step-down converter with its various external components like capacitors, zener diode, and inductor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm2596/main.webp) ### LM2596 in Action: Case Study of Its Application in Power Supply Units 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm2596-in-action-case-study-of-its-application-in-power-supply-units)[ ![A complex printed circuit board highlighting the proper usage of ground fills/poor, stitching vias and power planes, without any components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/gnd-fills-power-planes/main.webp) ### Guide to GND Fills and Power Planes 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/guide-to-gnd-fills-and-power-planes)[ ![Illustration for Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pdn-design-pcb/main.webp) ### Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pdn-design-pcb)[ ![A detailed illustration of PCB grounding techniques showing ground planes, return paths, and noise reduction strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-grounding-techniques/main.webp) ### PCB Grounding Techniques for Noise Reduction and Stability 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-grounding-techniques)[ ![A detailed illustration of high-current PCB design showing trace sizing, thermal management, and power layout strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-current-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Designing High-Current PCBs: Layout and Safety Considerations 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-current-pcb-design)[ ![An illustration showing PCB trace resistance calculation concepts with copper traces and measurement tools](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance/main.webp) ### How to Calculate PCB Trace Resistance 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance)[ ![A focused electrician wearing safety gear is carefully inspecting or repairing an electrical box with wires attached to it. He wears a yellow hard hat, safety glasses, ear protection, and gloves, highlighting the importance of personal protective equipment when working with electrical systems. The meticulous examination of the electrical connections signifies the critical nature of ensuring proper voltage levels and avoiding voltage drop, which can lead to reduced efficiency and potential damage to electrical components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/voltage-drop/main.webp) ### Voltage Drop Calculations: Formulas, Factors, and Guidelines 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/importance-of-voltage-drop-calculations)[ ![An array of AC to DC converter circuit boards featuring components like transformers, bridge rectifiers, and capacitors to facilitate the conversion of alternating current to direct current.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/ac-to-dc-converters/main.webp) ### AC to DC Converter: The Backbone of Power Electronics 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/ac-to-dc-converter-the-backbone-of-power-electronics)[ ![AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/ac-dc-converter/main.webp) ### AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-an-ac-to-dc-converter-technical-basics-explained)[ ![Illustration for Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-management/main.webp) ### Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-thermal-management)[ ![PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-analysis/main.webp) ### PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/achieving-efficient-heat-flow-pcb-thermal-management-best-practices)[ ![Illustration of a PPS chip symbolically powering three fast charging technologies—PPS, Power Delivery (PD), and Quick Charge (QC)—on a dark background.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/programmable-power-supply/main.webp) ### Understanding PPS Fast Charging: What It Is and How It Works 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-pps-fast-charging-what-it-is-and-how-it-works)[ ![Illustration for Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/decoupling-capacitors-pcb/main.webp) ### Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoupling-capacitors-pcb)[ ![The image presents a graphical representation of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs). On the left side of the image, there is a three-dimensional illustration of a capacitor, with a beige body and alternating white and golden layers, representing the ceramic and metal layers of the capacitor. An arrow points from this illustration to the right side of the image, where there is a cutaway view of a similar capacitor, showing multiple golden conducting layers separated by white ceramic layers, which illustrate the internal structure of the capacitor. The background is dark green, and above the illustrations, in large white and green text, the acronym "MLCCs" is spelled out, followed by the full term "MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS" in smaller capital letters.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-ceramic-capacitors/main.webp) ### What Is a Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC)? 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-multilayer-ceramic-capacitor-key-features-and-applications)[ ![Cutaway diagram of a tantalum capacitor showing anode, dielectric, cathode layers, epoxy case, and leads](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tantalum-capacitor/main.webp) ### Tantalum Capacitors Guide: Polarity, Derating & Risks 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tantalum-capacitor)[ ![A big text Amps vs Volts with their corresponding symbols (I and V) as background](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/amps-vs-volts/main.webp) ### Amps vs. Volts: Key Differences and How They Work Together 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/amps-vs-volts-understanding-the-key-differences)[ ![Shunt resistor, Hall-effect, and current transformer current sensors compared.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/current-sensor-types/main.webp) ### Current Sensor Types: Shunt, Hall Effect, and Current Transformer Comparison 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/current-sensor-types)[ ![Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/stackup_editor/main.webp) ### Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/never-worry-about-stackups-again-introducing-the-stackup-editor)[ ![Flux Stackup Editor showing a Standard 4-Layer PCB stackup with Top Copper, Mid-Layer 1, Mid-Layer 2, and Bottom Copper signal layers separated by Prepreg and Core dielectric materials, with layer thicknesses and dielectric constants configured for impedance-controlled PCB design.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Multilayer PCB Design: Best Practices for Circuit Board Layout 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/multilayer-pcb-design-best-practices)[ ![An illustrated guide to PCB materials comparing FR4 and advanced substrates for high-performance circuit board design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-materials-guide/main.webp) ### How to Choose PCB Materials: FR4 vs Advanced Substrates 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-materials-guide)[ ![A detailed illustration showing the cross-section of a multilayer PCB with different via types including through-hole, blind, buried, and microvias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-via-types-guide/main.webp) ### Blind Vias, Buried Vias, and Microvias: A Complete Guide to PCB Via Types 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-via-types-guide)[ ![A 2d view and layout of a pcb board design showing different type of vias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/different-type-vias/main.webp) ### Exploring Different Types of Vias in PCB 2 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/exploring-different-types-of-pcb-vias)[ ![A complex PCB board with high-density interconnect (HDI) technology, featuring advanced routing on each of its copper layers.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-micro-vias-blind-buried-vias/main.webp) ### High-Density PCBs just got easier with Smart Vias 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-density-pcbs-just-got-easier-with-smart-vias)[ ![A detailed illustration of a multilayer PCB cross-section showing via stitching connecting ground planes across layers](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/via-stitching-pcb-guide/main.webp) ### How to Use Via Stitching in PCB Design 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/via-stitching-pcb-guide)[ ![An illustration of PCB design constraints showing electrical, mechanical, and manufacturing rules](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-constraints/main.webp) ### PCB Design Constraints: What Engineers Need to Know 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-constraints)[ ![PCB constraint management showing how engineers control layout rules for routing, spacing, and impedance](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-constraint-management/main.webp) ### PCB Constraint Management: How Engineers Control Layout Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-constraint-management)[ ![Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-drc/main.webp) ### Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-rule-checking-drc)[ ![ERC vs DRC in PCB design showing the difference between electrical rule checks and design rule checks](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/erc-vs-drc/main.webp) ### Electrical Rule Check (ERC) vs DRC in PCB Design 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/erc-vs-drc)[ ![A guide to PCB design reviews covering schematic, layout, and DFM checks for catching errors early](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-review-process/main.webp) ### PCB Design Reviews: Best Practices for Catching Errors Early 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-review-process)[ ![Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-mistakes/main.webp) ### Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 31 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-mistakes)[ ![Image showing a stack of printed circuit boards (PCBs) with a large white 'X' over them, highlighting '5 Common Mistakes in PCB Design.' The background features intricate PCB traces in red and blue on a dark surface, with a purple gradient highlighting the title. The image emphasizes errors commonly made in PCB design, such as layout, signal integrity, and component placement.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/5-common-mistakes-in-pcb-design/main.webp) ### 5 Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/5-pcb-design-mistakes-that-could-ruin-your-board)[ ![A guide to PCB silkscreen design covering labeling, readability, and common manufacturing mistakes](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-silkscreen-design/main.webp) ### PCB Silkscreen Design: Guidelines and Common Mistakes 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-silkscreen-design)[ ![Advanced complex PCB boards using Flux's Smart Polygons](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-polygons/main.webp) ### Smart Polygons: Advanced PCB Design Just Got Easier 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smart-polygons-advanced-pcb-design-just-got-easier)[ ![A complex printed circuit board with lots of electronic components. A 3D render of the PCB on Flux.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/new-3d-render/main.webp) ### Automatically Create Photorealistic PCB Renders 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/automatically-create-photorealistic-pcb-renders)[ ![A tool on Flux to measure the distance between two pads in PCB editor with a text mm to mil conversion.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mm-to-mil/main.webp) ### How to Convert from MM to Mils: a Guide for Beginners 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-convert-from-mm-to-mils-a-guide-for-beginners)[ ![Illustration of a printed circuit board showing solder mask over copper traces and exposed pads.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-solder-mask/main.webp) ### What Is Solder Mask? Materials, Colors, and PCB Design Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-solder-mask)[ ![Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/import-dxf-board-outline-error/main.webp) ### Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/import-dxf-board-outline-error)[ ![PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-enclosure-design/main.webp) ### PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-enclosure-design)[ ![A PCB layout with IPC design standards that apply to trace width, land patterns, and assembly.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-ipc-standards/main.webp) ### PCB IPC Standards Explained: IPC-2221, IPC-2152, IPC-7351, and More 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-ipc-standards)[ ![A guide to PCB component selection covering electrical specs, footprints, thermal performance, and sourcing best practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/component-selection-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Component Selection in PCB Design: How Engineers Choose the Right Parts 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/component-selection-pcb-design)[ ![Flux Copilot’s new AI-powered part search makes finding and placing components faster and easier using natural language.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smarter-part-search/main.webp) ### Smarter Part Search Just Got a Major Upgrade 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smarter-part-search-just-got-a-major-upgrade)[ ![A detailed illustration showing PCB footprint design with pad layout, silkscreen markings, and courtyard boundaries](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-footprint-design-guide/main.webp) ### How to Design a PCB Footprint (Step-by-Step Guide) 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-footprint-design-guide)[ ![A close-up xray of printed circuit board with its multi-layer traces featuring short circuit and over current protection.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/protection-circuit-101/main.webp) ### Protection Circuit 101: Securing Your Electronics from Overcurrent and Short Circuits 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/protection-circuit-101-securing-your-electronics-from-overcurrent-and-short-circuits)[ ![Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductor and a flyback diode. The resistor represents the resistance of the inductor's windings.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flyback-diodes/main.webp) ### Understanding the Flyback Diode: Your Essential Guide to Functionality and Why You Need One 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-flyback-diode-your-essential-guide-to-functionality-and-why-you-need-one)[ ![3D render of a zener diode with its electronic symbol and pinout which consists of anode and cathode](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-zener-diode/main.webp) ### What Is a Zener Diode? How It Works and Where It’s Used 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-zener-diode-an-essential-breakdown)[ ![A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage VGS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an n-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide (yellow), which allows electrons to flow between the n-doped terminals; the switch is on.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mosfet-basics/main.webp) ### Understanding the Fundamentals: MOSFET Basics for Beginners 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-fundamentals-mosfet-basics-for-beginners)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM741, a classic operational amplifier](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm741/main.webp) ### LM741 Pinout: A Deep Dive into a Classic Op Amp 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm741-pinout-a-deep-dive-into-a-classic-op-amp)[ ![An assortment of variable resistors displayed on a dark background with the text 'Variable Resistors' at the top and a circuit symbol for a variable resistor in the center](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/6-types-of-variable-resistors/main.webp) ### 6 Types of Variable Resistors: a Detailed Look at Their Uses 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/6-types-of-variable-resistors-a-detailed-look-at-their-uses)[ ### Parallel and Series Resistor Calculator 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/parallel-and-series-resistor-calculator)[ ![A resistor showing its different color bands](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/site-cms/643f890cd71a69ee18b71efa_resistor-color-code-calculator.png) ### Resistor Color Code Calculator 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/resistor-color-code-calculator)[ ![A person soldering a circuit board made with Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flux-soldering/main.webp) ### How to Use Flux When Soldering Electronics 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/solder-flux-guide-for-soldering)[ ![Different types of toggle switches scattered and a big text - Toggle switch](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/toggle-switch/main.webp) ### The Ultimate Guide to Toggle Switches: Types, Uses, and How They Work 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-toggle-switches-types-uses-and-how-they-work)[ ![A push button switch soldered on a rigid-flex printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/push-button/main.webp) ### What Is the Science Behind Push Button Switches and How They Work 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-the-science-behind-push-button-switches-and-how-they-work)[ ![Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tactile-switches-guide/main.webp) ### Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tactile-switches-guide)[ ![Close up of different types of electrical connectors, wire connectors, and solder connectors piled up.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/electrical-connectors/main.webp) ### Electrical Wire Connector Types and Uses 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-electrical-connectors-and-wiring-connection)[ ![An illustration of PCB debugging tools and techniques including multimeter, oscilloscope, and thermal imaging](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-debugging-common-issues/main.webp) ### Why Your PCB Is Failing: Debugging Common Issues 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-debugging-common-issues)[ ![555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/555-timer/main.webp) ### 555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/555-timer)[ ![Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/inverting-op-amp/main.webp) ### Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/inverting-op-amp)[ ![How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer/main.webp) ### How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer) See All (113) ## Let’s start building. Let’s build your idea together. All you need to do is describe what you want to make, or what problem you want to solve. Flux will work with you to make it a reality. [Try it Free](https://www.flux.ai/signup) ![Close-up of a Flux-designed printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/homepage-v2/mission-visual.webp)