# NMOS vs PMOS: Differences & When to Use Each Compare NMOS vs PMOS transistors. Learn symbol differences, gate drive requirements, and when to choose each for high-side or low-side switching circuits. Written by [Jharwin Barrozo](https://www.flux.ai/jharwinbarrozo) Published Oct 2026 - 15 min read ![NMOS vs PMOS: Differences & When to Use Each](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/nmos-vs-pmos/main.webp) ## Quick answer Use an N-channel enhancement MOSFET (NMOS) for most low-side switches, where the transistor controls the load's connection to ground. NMOS usually provides lower on-resistance for a given size and cost, and its ground-referenced source is easy to drive. Use a P-channel enhancement MOSFET (PMOS) when a simple switch is needed between the positive supply and a modest-voltage load, provided its additional loss is acceptable. For efficient high-side switching, especially at higher current or voltage, use an NMOS with a floating high-side driver or charge pump. Select from guaranteed RDS(on) at the actual gate-to-source voltage, rather than relying on VGS(th). MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) are commonly used to control power delivery to LEDs, motors, sensors, and other electronic loads. An enhancement-mode MOSFET is normally off when no gate-to-source voltage is applied. Applying the appropriate voltage to the gate creates a conductive path between the drain and source terminals. The main distinction between NMOS and PMOS is the gate voltage required to turn each device on. NMOS requires a positive gate-to-source voltage, and PMOS requires a negative voltage. The difference affects where each transistor is placed in a circuit and how its gate must be driven. For additional background on device operation and terminal functions, see Flux's [MOSFET basics guide](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-fundamentals-mosfet-basics-for-beginners). ## NMOS vs PMOS comparison *Table 1. NMOS and PMOS switching characteristics and design considerations* | Feature | NMOS (N-channel) | PMOS (P-channel) | Design implications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **Turn-on polarity** | Positive **VGS = VG − VS** | Negative **VGS = VG − VS** | Gate voltage is referenced to the source, not automatically to ground. | | **Common discrete role** | Low-side switch | High-side switch | Low-side placement simplifies NMOS gate drive, and high-side placement simplifies PMOS gate drive. | | **Conductivity** | Usually lower RDS(on) for similar die area and voltage class | Usually higher RDS(on) for similar constraints | NMOS normally has an advantage in conduction loss, package size, and high-current cost. | | **High-side drive** | Gate must rise above the source rail | Gate turns on by being pulled below the source | A high-side NMOS needs a floating driver, bootstrap, charge pump, or isolated bias. | | **3.3 V GPIO use** | Practical when RDS(on) is guaranteed at 2.5 V, 3 V, or a similarly relevant drive voltage | Practical when negative VGS is sufficient and the off command can pull the gate fully to the source | A logic-level rating should be supported by an on-resistance specification, not a threshold label. | | **Body diode** | Anode at source, cathode at drain | Anode at drain, cathode at source | A single off MOSFET blocks voltage effectively in only one polarity. | | **On-state current** | Channel can conduct in either direction once enhanced | Channel can conduct in either direction once enhanced | Current direction must be considered alongside body-diode orientation. | | **Typical symbol arrow** | Body-junction arrow points from body toward source/channel | Arrow is reversed, from source/channel toward body | The arrow describes the body PN-junction convention. Some symbols place an arrow on the source lead instead. | | **Reverse-polarity use** | Efficient but normally needs a controller or boosted gate drive on the high side | Simple high-side reverse-battery circuit | Reverse-polarity protection uses a different orientation from an ordinary high-side load switch. | | **Blocking current in both directions when off** | Requires two back-to-back devices | Requires two back-to-back devices | Every conventional three-terminal MOSFET has an intrinsic body diode that permits current in one direction. | In schematic symbols, a broken channel line commonly denotes enhancement mode. By comparison, a solid channel often denotes depletion mode, in which the transistor can conduct without an applied gate voltage. Symbol styles vary, so verify the gate (G), drain (D), source (S), body diode, and package pin mapping against the manufacturer drawing. For a comparison of transistor symbols, see Flux's [MOSFET & Transistor Symbols: NMOS, PMOS, NPN, PNP](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/mosfet-transistor-symbols). ## Choose NMOS if An NMOS is commonly used for low-side switching, meaning the transistor is placed between the load and ground. The source can then stay near ground potential, so a microcontroller can control the gate without generating a voltage above the load's supply. - You are switching a GPIO-controlled LED strip, solenoid, fan, or motor on the **low side**, and the system can tolerate disconnecting the load's negative terminal from ground. - You need pulse-width modulation (PWM) efficiency or low conduction loss. Keep the source return close to the driver reference and verify switching loss as well as RDS(on). - You are switching a higher-voltage load, such as one supplied by a 24 V industrial rail. Choose a device with sufficient voltage margin for transients, a gate driver if required, appropriate transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) protection, and a thermal and safe-operating-area calculation. For example, a MOSFET rated for 30 V may have insufficient voltage margin on a nominal 24 V supply if switching transients exceed the rating. - You need an efficient high-side path and can add a floating driver, charge pump, or isolated supply. - Package area, heat, or current makes a PMOS solution unattractive. For example, a high-current switch may require a larger PMOS package to dissipate the additional heat caused by higher RDS(on). ## Choose PMOS if A PMOS is commonly used for high-side switching, where the transistor is placed between the positive power supply and the load. The arrangement allows the load's ground connection to stay intact when power is disconnected. - You need a simple high-side switch for a low-voltage sensor rail and modest current, without interrupting the sensor's ground connection. - The load must stay ground-referenced while the positive rail is disconnected. - A 3.3 V controller shares the PMOS source rail, can pull the gate to the same rail for off, and can pull the gate low enough for the required negative VGS. Check power sequencing and absolute maximum VGS. - You need a simple reverse-battery stage and accept PMOS conduction loss. In a reverse-battery protection circuit, connect drain to raw battery input and source to protected output so the body diode initially conducts from drain to source under correct polarity. Gate bias then turns on the channel. - Simplicity matters more than achieving the lowest RDS(on), and the thermal result is acceptable. A PMOS with its source above the MCU supply cannot be driven safely by a 3.3 V GPIO alone. A GPIO high may not make VGS zero, and an unpowered MCU can be back-powered through its pins. Use a level shifter and, on larger supply rails, a gate-to-source clamp selected for the MOSFET's VGS limit. ## Real parts found in the Flux library The following parts are selection examples rather than universal load-current recommendations. Absolute drain-current (ID) ratings depend on case or ambient conditions and do not replace PCB copper, thermal, pulse, and safe operating area (SOA) checks. SOA specifies the combinations of voltage, current, and operating duration under which a transistor can operate without exceeding its electrical or thermal limits. - AO3400A, N-channel, SOT-23. The [Alpha & Omega Semiconductor datasheet](https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Alpha%20%26%20Omega/AO3400A_ds.pdf), Rev. 3, December 2011, specifies 30 V VDS and ±12 V VGS. Maximum RDS(on) is 48 mΩ at VGS = 2.5 V, ID = 3 A, making its on-resistance specification relevant to 3.3 V GPIO drive. - DMP2035U-7, P-channel, SOT-23. The [Diodes Incorporated datasheet, DS31830 Rev. 4-2, October 2013](https://www.opensourceinstruments.com/Electronics/Data/DMP2035U.pdf), specifies −20 V VDSS and ±8 V VGSS. Maximum RDS(on) is 45 mΩ at VGS = −2.5 V, ID = −4 A, and 62 mΩ at VGS = −1.8 V, ID = −2 A. The specifications refer to the cited 2013 revision; check the [current manufacturer datasheet](https://www.diodes.com/assets/Datasheets/DMP2035U.pdf) before final component selection. - IRLML0060TRPBF, N-channel, Micro3/SOT-23. The [Infineon datasheet](https://www.infineon.com/assets/row/public/documents/24/49/infineon-irlml0060-ds-en.pdf), revision-history date 2016-12-20, specifies 60 V VDS and ±16 V VGS. Maximum RDS(on) is 116 mΩ at VGS = 4.5 V, ID = 2.2 A, TJ = 25°C, or 92 mΩ at 10 V, 2.7 A. The part is a useful 60 V-class example for a 24 V load, but its guaranteed on-resistance is not specified at 3.3 V. Use an appropriate driver rather than assuming full enhancement from a GPIO. ## Design considerations ### Power, protection, and decoupling A MOSFET gate behaves like a capacitor, so the driver must briefly supply current to charge the gate during turn-on and remove the charge during turn-off. Place the driver's local bypass capacitor close to its supply and return pins, keep the gate loop small, and include a gate-to-source pull resistor so startup and reset states are defined. A series gate resistor can control ringing and switching speed, although slower switching increases power loss. For an inductive low-side load, the GPIO drives only the MOSFET gate and must not supply motor or coil current. Place a [flyback diode](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-flyback-diode-your-essential-guide-to-functionality-and-why-you-need-one) with its anode at the switched drain and cathode at the positive supply. The diode gives the inductive current a path when the MOSFET turns off. Select the diode's reverse-voltage, current, surge, and recovery characteristics for the load and PWM strategy. A simple flyback diode produces slow current decay and may not suit applications requiring fast actuator release. Check repetitive switching energy, avalanche expectations, junction temperature, transient thermal impedance, and SOA. During a slow voltage ramp, such as charging a capacitive load, the MOSFET may spend time in its linear operating region. The resulting inrush current and power dissipation may exceed its linear SOA even when the final steady-state current is acceptable. ### Clock, crystal, programming, and debug A discrete MOSFET switch needs no clock, crystal, firmware toolchain, or programming header. However, the microcontroller or other circuit controlling the gate can affect switching behavior during startup and shutdown. GPIOs can float, default to inputs, pulse during boot, or conduct through protection diodes when unpowered. Add hardware [pull-up or pull-down resistors](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-pull-up-and-pull-down-resistors-a-guide-for-arduino-and-microcontrollers) at the gate to establish a safe default state, and verify reset, bootloader, brownout, and power-domain sequencing. ### Layout and RF/EMI Switching currents change rapidly when a MOSFET turns on or off. The current path through the supply, load, MOSFET, and return therefore forms a high di/dt loop, where di/dt describes the rate of current change over time. Keep the loop compact to limit unwanted voltage spikes and electromagnetic interference. Place the flyback diode or clamp physically near the inductive current loop. Use adequate copper and vias for heat and current, but check the datasheet's mounting conditions before relying on the headline ID rating. Flux's [guide to via stitching](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/via-stitching-pcb-guide) explains how vias can connect copper planes and affect return-current paths, EMI, and thermal behavior. Rapid voltage changes at the MOSFET drain during switching can couple through gate-drain capacitance and radiate from load wiring. Adjust gate resistance, provide a low-inductance source return to the driver, and separate noisy switching nodes from crystals, antennas, analog inputs, and high-impedance sensor traces. For radio-frequency (RF) applications, general switching MOSFET models and breadboard wiring are usually inadequate. Use manufacturer RF models or scattering parameters (S-parameters), which describe how high-frequency signals behave at a device's terminals, when applicable. ### High-side NMOS, load switches, and reverse blocking A high-side NMOS gate must be driven above its source voltage. One method is a bootstrap driver, which uses a capacitor to provide the elevated gate voltage needed when the source approaches the positive supply rail. Bootstrap drivers are compact for switching converters, but their capacitors generally need periodic recharging. The required refresh can limit duty cycle and maximum on-time. A bootstrap-only driver may therefore be unsuitable for a high-side switch that must stay on continuously, such as a permanently powered load. For continuous operation, use a charge-pump driver, isolated bias supply, or driver specifically rated for continuous high-side operation. An integrated load switch combines a switching transistor with control circuitry in one IC. Depending on the device, the circuit can provide controlled voltage rise time, current limiting, thermal shutdown, and optional output discharge. When selecting a load switch, check reverse-current behavior in both enabled and disabled states. Output discharge may interfere with another powered rail or cause unwanted current paths. Sensor signal pins may also power a disconnected sensor through their input/output protection structures, so the entire circuit must be considered. Some applications require a disconnected power path to block current in either direction, including current that might flow backward from a powered output. For such bidirectional off-state blocking, use back-to-back MOSFETs or a load switch/eFuse specified for reverse-current blocking. A single MOSFET can conduct channel current in either direction when turned on, but its intrinsic body diode still permits current in one direction when the transistor is off. ## Minimal reference circuits ### NMOS low-side switch **Assumptions:** 3.3 V GPIO; AO3400A used only where its 30 V rating has adequate margin; example component values of **47 Ω** for the gate resistor and **100 kΩ** for the gate-to-source pull-down. 1. Connect the MOSFET source to system ground. 2. Connect the drain to the load's negative terminal and the load's positive terminal to its power supply. 3. Connect the GPIO to the gate through the 47 Ω resistor, and place the 100 kΩ pull-down resistor between gate and source. 4. Connect MCU ground to the MOSFET source return through a short, intentional path. 5. For an inductive load, add a rated flyback diode with its anode at the drain and cathode at the positive supply. For a higher-voltage application, such as a 24 V industrial load, substitute a device rated for the expected supply transients. A 60 V-class or higher MOSFET may be appropriate after surge analysis, along with a suitable TVS or clamp. The IRLML0060TRPBF described in the component examples has an on-resistance specification at VGS = 4.5 V, so use a driver that provides at least the characterized 4.5 V gate condition rather than relying on direct 3.3 V drive. ### PMOS high-side switch **Assumptions:** Source rail equals the MCU's 3.3 V logic rail; DMP2035U-7; example component values of **100 kΩ** for the gate-to-source pull-up and **1 kΩ** for the GPIO series resistor. Load current must be established by the project requirements. 1. Connect the MOSFET source to the 3.3 V input rail. 2. Connect the drain to the switched sensor supply rail. 3. Place the 100 kΩ resistor between gate and source so the default state is off. 4. Connect the MCU GPIO to the gate through the 1 kΩ resistor. Driving the GPIO low turns the PMOS on, and driving it high to the same 3.3 V rail turns it off. 5. Add local [decoupling](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoupling-capacitors-pcb) at the sensor and verify inrush current and SOA when charging its input capacitance. 6. Before removing sensor power, set the sensor's I/O signals low or to a high-impedance state. Alternatively, isolate or limit current through the signals to prevent parasitic powering. The direct GPIO circuit assumes the PMOS source and the MCU logic-high voltage are both 3.3 V. The same connection is not suitable when the PMOS source is at 5 V, 12 V, or 24 V and the GPIO high is only 3.3 V. For higher supply voltages, use a small transistor or dedicated high-side driver to pull the PMOS gate down, together with a gate-to-source pull-up resistor for turn-off. Add a gate-to-source clamp when the supply voltage or switching transients could exceed the MOSFET's maximum VGSS rating. ## FAQ ### NMOS vs PMOS: which is better for switching? NMOS is normally the first choice for efficient low-side switching because it offers lower RDS(on) for comparable constraints. PMOS is useful when a simple, modest-voltage high-side switch is worth some additional conduction loss. ### What is the PMOS vs NMOS symbol difference? The enhancement-mode channel is usually broken, and the body-junction arrow direction distinguishes polarity. For an N-channel device, the arrow points from body toward source/channel. For a P-channel device, the direction is reversed. Alternate symbols place the arrow on a source lead or show only the body diode, so verify the terminal connections and datasheet pinout. ### Can a 3.3 V GPIO drive an NMOS directly? Yes, provided the datasheet guarantees acceptable RDS(on) at a gate voltage near 3.3 V and the switching speed is suitable. VGS(th) only indicates when a small test current begins to flow and does not establish the on-resistance required for low-loss switching. ### Can a 3.3 V GPIO drive a PMOS high-side switch? Direct GPIO control is practical when the source rail and logic-high rail are compatible, GPIO high makes VGS approximately zero, and GPIO low produces a safe negative VGS. Power sequencing must also prevent backpowering. Higher source voltages require level shifting and may require a gate-to-source clamp. ### What is the difference between a high-side and low-side MOSFET switch? A high-side switch is placed between the positive supply and the load. A low-side switch is placed between the load and ground. Low-side NMOS control is generally simpler because its source is ground-referenced, whereas high-side NMOS control usually requires a gate voltage above the source. ### Which MOSFET should switch a GPIO LED strip or motor? Use a logic-level NMOS low-side switch when disconnecting the load's ground return is acceptable. Select voltage and current ratings, thermal performance, and protection according to the load. The GPIO controls the gate rather than supplying motor or strip current, and an inductive motor requires an appropriate recirculation or clamping circuit. ### Should I use PMOS for reverse battery protection? A PMOS can provide a simple high-side reverse-battery protection circuit. Connect the drain to the raw battery input and the source to the protected output, opposite to the ordinary high-side switching arrangement, so the body diode initially conducts under correct battery polarity. The arrangement does not automatically block current flowing from output to input after the channel turns on. Applications requiring reverse-current blocking during operation need suitable control circuitry or back-to-back devices. ## Sources - [Alpha & Omega Semiconductor AO3400A datasheet, Rev. 3, December 2011](https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Alpha%20%26%20Omega/AO3400A_ds.pdf) - [Diodes Incorporated DMP2035U datasheet, DS31830 Rev. 4-2, October 2013](https://www.opensourceinstruments.com/Electronics/Data/DMP2035U.pdf) - [Diodes Incorporated DMP2035U current manufacturer datasheet](https://www.diodes.com/assets/Datasheets/DMP2035U.pdf) - [Infineon IRLML0060 datasheet, revision-history basis dated 2016-12-20](https://www.infineon.com/assets/row/public/documents/24/49/infineon-irlml0060-ds-en.pdf) - [TI, Avoid Common Mistakes When Selecting and Designing With Power MOSFETs](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slpa021/slpa021.pdf) - Infineon, AN-978 HV Floating MOS-Gate Driver ICs - [TI, Reverse Current Protection in Load Switches](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva730/slva730.pdf) - [TI, Achieve Bidirectional Control and Protection Through Back-to-Back Connected eFuses](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva948/slva948.pdf) - [TI, Reverse Current/Battery Protection Circuits](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva139/slva139.pdf) - [Flux, MOSFET & Transistor Symbols: NMOS, PMOS, NPN, PNP](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/mosfet-transistor-symbols) ## About the author [Jharwin Barrozo](https://www.flux.ai/jharwinbarrozo) Electronics Engineer at Flux Jharwin is an electronics engineer mainly focused on satellites. 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This is the current number of components available at Flux today which is the largest electronic part library.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/largest-electronics-part-library/main.webp) ### Flux Now Has the World's Largest eCAD Part Library 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/flux-now-has-the-worlds-largest-ecad-part-library)[ ![Capacitor Symbols Explained: Types, Polarity, and Schematic Use](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/capacitor-symbols/main.webp) ### Capacitor Symbols Explained: Types, Polarity, and Schematic Use 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/capacitor-symbols)[ ![Annotated schematic symbols for MOSFETs and bipolar transistors, including NMOS, PMOS, NPN, and PNP devices.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mosfet-transistor-symbols/main.webp) ### MOSFET and Transistor Symbols Explained: NMOS, PMOS, NPN, and PNP 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/mosfet-transistor-symbols)[ ![Illustration showing a PDF schematic being converted into an editable PCB design with AI assistance.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/convert-pdf-schematic-to-editable-pcb/main.webp) ### How to Convert PDF Schematics into Editable EDA Files Using AI 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/convert-pdf-schematic-to-editable-pcb)[ ![Fixed and variable resistor symbols in IEC and ANSI styles, as used in circuit schematics.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/resistor-symbols/main.webp) ### Resistor Symbols Explained: Fixed, Variable, Thermistor, and Photoresistor Symbols 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/resistor-symbols)[ ![Common fuse symbols used in circuit schematics, including standard and resettable fuse variants.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/fuse-symbols/main.webp) ### Fuse Symbols Explained: Electrical, Thermal, and Circuit Protection Symbols 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/fuse-symbols)[ ![A step-by-step roadmap for learning PCB design, from schematics to a tested board.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-learn-pcb-design/main.webp) ### How to Learn PCB Design: A Step-by-Step Roadmap for Beginners 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-learn-pcb-design)[ ![High speed pcb design traces glowing over a complex pcb board. Visible are serpentine length-matched traces.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-speed-design/main.webp) ### Crosstalk, Reflections, and the Real Challenges of Signal Integrity 2 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/crosstalk-reflections-and-the-real-challenges-of-signal-integrity)[ ![What Is Signal Integrity in PCB Design? A Practical Guide](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-signal-integrity-pcb/main.webp) ### What Is Signal Integrity in PCB Design? A Practical Guide 22 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-signal-integrity-pcb)[ ![High-Speed PCB Design: Layout Rules, Signal Integrity, and Routing Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-speed-pcb-design/main.webp) ### High-Speed PCB Design: Layout Rules, Signal Integrity, and Routing Best Practices 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-speed-pcb-design-layout-rules)[ ![A detailed illustration of EMI and EMC concepts in PCB design showing shielding, grounding, and interference reduction techniques](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/emi-emc-pcb-design-guide/main.webp) ### EMI/EMC in PCB Design: How to Reduce Interference 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/emi-emc-pcb-design-guide)[ ![Illustration for PCB EMI Problems: Causes and Solutions](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-emi-issues/main.webp) ### PCB EMI Problems: Causes and Solutions 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-emi-issues)[ ![Differential Pair Routing Guidelines and Controlled Impedance Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/differential-pair-routing/main.webp) ### Differential Pair Routing Guidelines and Controlled Impedance Best Practices 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/differential-pair-routing)[ ![An illustration of PCB impedance control concepts showing trace geometry, dielectric layers, and signal integrity](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-impedance-control-guide/main.webp) ### PCB Impedance Control: A Practical Guide for Engineers 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-impedance-control-guide)[ ![Introducing Curved Traces in Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/curved-traces/main.webp) ### Introducing Curved Traces in Flux 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/introducing-curved-traces-in-flux)[ ![Illustration for Analog vs Digital PCB Design: Key Differences Explained](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/analog-vs-digital-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Analog vs Digital PCB Design: Key Differences Explained 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/analog-vs-digital-pcb-design)[ ![CLC pi filter schematic with two shunt capacitors flanking a series inductor between VIN and VOUT](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pi-filter/main.webp) ### Pi Filters Explained: Design, Components & Applications 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pi-filter)[ ![RS485 electrical pin out and it's actual physical connector in 3D](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rs485/main.webp) ### RS485 Explained: Wiring, Specifications, and Applications 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rs485-a-technical-overview)[ ![What is RS232?](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rs232/main.webp) ### What is RS232? 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-rs232)[ ![SPI vs. I2C: Which Communication Protocol Should You Use?](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/spi-vs-i2c/main.webp) ### SPI vs. I2C: Which Communication Protocol Should You Use? 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/spi-vs-i2c)[ ![RJ45 Connectors: Pinouts, Categories, Uses, and Testing](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/rj45/main.webp) ### RJ45 Connectors: Pinouts, Categories, Uses, and Testing 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rj45-connectors-your-quick-guide-to-specs-and-uses)[ ![CO2 Sensor Technology: How These Devices Detect Carbon Dioxide](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/co2-sensor/main.webp) ### CO2 Sensor Technology: How These Devices Detect Carbon Dioxide 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/co2-sensor-technology-how-these-devices-detect-carbon-dioxide)[ ![Hall Effect Joysticks: How They Work, Benefits, and Uses](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/hall-effect/main.webp) ### Hall Effect Joysticks: How They Work, Benefits, and Uses 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-hall-effect-joysticks-deliver-unmatched-accuracy)[ ![A close up of a crystal oscillator on an electronic printed circuit board.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/oscillators/main.webp) ### What Is an Oscillator? Beginner's Guide to Oscillating Circuits 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-an-oscillator-a-beginners-guide-to-oscillating-circuits)[ ![A guide to flexible PCB design covering materials, layout rules, and applications for modern electronics](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flex-pcb-design-guide/main.webp) ### Flexible PCB Design Guide: Materials, Layout, and Applications 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/flex-pcb-design-guide)[ ![Illustration for Rigid-Flex PCB Design: Benefits, Challenges, and Layout Tips](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rigid-flex-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Rigid-Flex PCB Design: Benefits, Challenges, and Layout Tips 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rigid-flex-pcb-design)[ ![Illustration of printed PCB trace antennas with RF routing, ground-plane keepouts, and radiating elements.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-design-pcb-trace-antenna/main.webp) ### The RF Engineer's Guide to Designing Printed Trace Antennas 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-design-pcb-trace-antenna)[ ![Illustration of SMA connectors and RF PCB mounting styles used for high-frequency signal connections.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/sma-connectors/main.webp) ### SMA Connectors Explained: Types, Applications, and PCB Design Considerations 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/sma-connectors)[ ![RC low-pass filter concept art showing a noisy input waveform smoothed into a clean sine wave over a PCB](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rc-low-pass-filter/main.webp) ### RC Low-Pass Filter: Formula, Cutoff Frequency & Design 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rc-low-pass-filter)[ ![A smartphone beside an NFC reader board and a contactless tag.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/nfc-vs-rfid/main.webp) ### NFC vs RFID: Board Design, Tags, and Reader Choices 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/nfc-vs-rfid)[ ![Low-pass and high-pass filter circuits with low- and high-frequency waveforms.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/low-pass-vs-high-pass-filter/main.webp) ### Low-Pass vs High-Pass Filter: Differences and Examples 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/low-pass-vs-high-pass-filter)[ ![A Bluetooth module on a PCB, with the antenna placed at the board edge.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-choose-a-bluetooth-module/main.webp) ### How to Choose a Bluetooth Module for Your PCB Design 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-choose-a-bluetooth-module)[ ![Different packages of voltage regulators and its common reference design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/decoding-voltage-regulators/main.webp) ### Decoding Voltage Regulators: How They Work in Everyday Electronics 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoding-voltage-regulators-how-they-work-in-everyday-electronics)[ ![Voltage Regulators: How They Work, Types, and Applications](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/voltage-regulator/main.webp) ### Voltage Regulators: How They Work, Types, and Applications 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/voltage-regulator-principles-types-and-key-applications)[ ![PCB Design for Buck Switching Converter Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/buck-converter/main.webp) ### Buck Converter Design: Components, PCB Layout, and Formulas 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/design-buck-converters-like-a-pro)[ ![Side by side high level schematic diagram of a buck and boost converter with their roles in power systems](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/buck-boost-converters/main.webp) ### Buck and Boost Converters: How They Work and Where They’re Used 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/explore-the-advantages-of-buck-and-boost-converter-in-modern-electronics)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM2596 buck converter or step-down converter with its various external components like capacitors, zener diode, and inductor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm2596/main.webp) ### LM2596 in Action: Case Study of Its Application in Power Supply Units 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm2596-in-action-case-study-of-its-application-in-power-supply-units)[ ![A complex printed circuit board highlighting the proper usage of ground fills/poor, stitching vias and power planes, without any components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/gnd-fills-power-planes/main.webp) ### Guide to GND Fills and Power Planes 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/guide-to-gnd-fills-and-power-planes)[ ![Illustration for Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pdn-design-pcb/main.webp) ### Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pdn-design-pcb)[ ![A detailed illustration of PCB grounding techniques showing ground planes, return paths, and noise reduction strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-grounding-techniques/main.webp) ### PCB Grounding Techniques for Noise Reduction and Stability 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-grounding-techniques)[ ![A detailed illustration of high-current PCB design showing trace sizing, thermal management, and power layout strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-current-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Designing High-Current PCBs: Layout and Safety Considerations 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-current-pcb-design)[ ![An illustration showing PCB trace resistance calculation concepts with copper traces and measurement tools](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance/main.webp) ### How to Calculate PCB Trace Resistance 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance)[ ![A focused electrician wearing safety gear is carefully inspecting or repairing an electrical box with wires attached to it. He wears a yellow hard hat, safety glasses, ear protection, and gloves, highlighting the importance of personal protective equipment when working with electrical systems. The meticulous examination of the electrical connections signifies the critical nature of ensuring proper voltage levels and avoiding voltage drop, which can lead to reduced efficiency and potential damage to electrical components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/voltage-drop/main.webp) ### Voltage Drop Calculations: Formulas, Factors, and Guidelines 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/importance-of-voltage-drop-calculations)[ ![An array of AC to DC converter circuit boards featuring components like transformers, bridge rectifiers, and capacitors to facilitate the conversion of alternating current to direct current.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/ac-to-dc-converters/main.webp) ### AC to DC Converter: The Backbone of Power Electronics 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/ac-to-dc-converter-the-backbone-of-power-electronics)[ ![AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/ac-dc-converter/main.webp) ### AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-an-ac-to-dc-converter-technical-basics-explained)[ ![Illustration for Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-management/main.webp) ### Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-thermal-management)[ ![PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-analysis/main.webp) ### PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/achieving-efficient-heat-flow-pcb-thermal-management-best-practices)[ ![Illustration of a PPS chip symbolically powering three fast charging technologies—PPS, Power Delivery (PD), and Quick Charge (QC)—on a dark background.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/programmable-power-supply/main.webp) ### Understanding PPS Fast Charging: What It Is and How It Works 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-pps-fast-charging-what-it-is-and-how-it-works)[ ![Illustration for Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/decoupling-capacitors-pcb/main.webp) ### Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoupling-capacitors-pcb)[ ![The image presents a graphical representation of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs). On the left side of the image, there is a three-dimensional illustration of a capacitor, with a beige body and alternating white and golden layers, representing the ceramic and metal layers of the capacitor. An arrow points from this illustration to the right side of the image, where there is a cutaway view of a similar capacitor, showing multiple golden conducting layers separated by white ceramic layers, which illustrate the internal structure of the capacitor. The background is dark green, and above the illustrations, in large white and green text, the acronym "MLCCs" is spelled out, followed by the full term "MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS" in smaller capital letters.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-ceramic-capacitors/main.webp) ### What Is a Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC)? 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-multilayer-ceramic-capacitor-key-features-and-applications)[ ![Cutaway diagram of a tantalum capacitor showing anode, dielectric, cathode layers, epoxy case, and leads](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tantalum-capacitor/main.webp) ### Tantalum Capacitors Guide: Polarity, Derating & Risks 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tantalum-capacitor)[ ![A big text Amps vs Volts with their corresponding symbols (I and V) as background](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/amps-vs-volts/main.webp) ### Amps vs. Volts: Key Differences and How They Work Together 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/amps-vs-volts-understanding-the-key-differences)[ ![Shunt resistor, Hall-effect, and current transformer current sensors compared.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/current-sensor-types/main.webp) ### Current Sensor Types: Shunt, Hall Effect, and Current Transformer Comparison 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/current-sensor-types)[ ![Cylindrical and pouch battery cells beside a battery-management circuit board.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/li-ion-vs-lipo-vs-lifepo4-vs-nimh/main.webp) ### Li-ion vs LiPo vs LiFePO4 vs NiMH for Hardware Design 16 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/li-ion-vs-lipo-vs-lifepo4-vs-nimh)[ ![Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/stackup_editor/main.webp) ### Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/never-worry-about-stackups-again-introducing-the-stackup-editor)[ ![Flux Stackup Editor showing a Standard 4-Layer PCB stackup with Top Copper, Mid-Layer 1, Mid-Layer 2, and Bottom Copper signal layers separated by Prepreg and Core dielectric materials, with layer thicknesses and dielectric constants configured for impedance-controlled PCB design.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Multilayer PCB Design: Stackup and Routing Best Practices 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/multilayer-pcb-design-best-practices)[ ![An illustrated guide to PCB materials comparing FR4 and advanced substrates for high-performance circuit board design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-materials-guide/main.webp) ### How to Choose PCB Materials: FR4 vs Advanced Substrates 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-materials-guide)[ ![A detailed illustration showing the cross-section of a multilayer PCB with different via types including through-hole, blind, buried, and microvias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-via-types-guide/main.webp) ### Blind Vias, Buried Vias, and Microvias: A Complete Guide to PCB Via Types 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-via-types-guide)[ ![A 2d view and layout of a pcb board design showing different type of vias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/different-type-vias/main.webp) ### Exploring Different Types of Vias in PCB 2 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/exploring-different-types-of-pcb-vias)[ ![A complex PCB board with high-density interconnect (HDI) technology, featuring advanced routing on each of its copper layers.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-micro-vias-blind-buried-vias/main.webp) ### High-Density PCBs just got easier with Smart Vias 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-density-pcbs-just-got-easier-with-smart-vias)[ ![A detailed illustration of a multilayer PCB cross-section showing via stitching connecting ground planes across layers](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/via-stitching-pcb-guide/main.webp) ### How to Use Via Stitching in PCB Design 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/via-stitching-pcb-guide)[ ![An illustration of PCB design constraints showing electrical, mechanical, and manufacturing rules](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-constraints/main.webp) ### PCB Design Constraints: What Engineers Need to Know 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-constraints)[ ![PCB constraint management showing how engineers control layout rules for routing, spacing, and impedance](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-constraint-management/main.webp) ### PCB Constraint Management: How Engineers Control Layout Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-constraint-management)[ ![Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-drc/main.webp) ### Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-rule-checking-drc)[ ![ERC vs DRC in PCB design showing the difference between electrical rule checks and design rule checks](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/erc-vs-drc/main.webp) ### Electrical Rule Check (ERC) vs DRC in PCB Design 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/erc-vs-drc)[ ![A guide to PCB design reviews covering schematic, layout, and DFM checks for catching errors early](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-review-process/main.webp) ### PCB Design Reviews: Best Practices for Catching Errors Early 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-review-process)[ ![Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-mistakes/main.webp) ### Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 31 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-mistakes)[ ![Image showing a stack of printed circuit boards (PCBs) with a large white 'X' over them, highlighting '5 Common Mistakes in PCB Design.' The background features intricate PCB traces in red and blue on a dark surface, with a purple gradient highlighting the title. The image emphasizes errors commonly made in PCB design, such as layout, signal integrity, and component placement.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/5-common-mistakes-in-pcb-design/main.webp) ### 5 Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/5-pcb-design-mistakes-that-could-ruin-your-board)[ ![A guide to PCB silkscreen design covering labeling, readability, and common manufacturing mistakes](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-silkscreen-design/main.webp) ### PCB Silkscreen Design: Guidelines and Common Mistakes 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-silkscreen-design)[ ![Advanced complex PCB boards using Flux's Smart Polygons](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-polygons/main.webp) ### Smart Polygons: Advanced PCB Design Just Got Easier 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smart-polygons-advanced-pcb-design-just-got-easier)[ ![A complex printed circuit board with lots of electronic components. A 3D render of the PCB on Flux.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/new-3d-render/main.webp) ### Automatically Create Photorealistic PCB Renders 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/automatically-create-photorealistic-pcb-renders)[ ![A tool on Flux to measure the distance between two pads in PCB editor with a text mm to mil conversion.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mm-to-mil/main.webp) ### How to Convert from MM to Mils: a Guide for Beginners 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-convert-from-mm-to-mils-a-guide-for-beginners)[ ![Illustration of a printed circuit board showing solder mask over copper traces and exposed pads.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-solder-mask/main.webp) ### What Is Solder Mask? Materials, Colors, and PCB Design Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-solder-mask)[ ![Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/import-dxf-board-outline-error/main.webp) ### Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/import-dxf-board-outline-error)[ ![PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-enclosure-design/main.webp) ### PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-enclosure-design)[ ![A PCB layout with IPC design standards that apply to trace width, land patterns, and assembly.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-ipc-standards/main.webp) ### PCB IPC Standards Explained: IPC-2221, IPC-2152, IPC-7351, and More 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-ipc-standards)[ ![A guide to PCB component selection covering electrical specs, footprints, thermal performance, and sourcing best practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/component-selection-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Component Selection in PCB Design: How Engineers Choose the Right Parts 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/component-selection-pcb-design)[ ![Flux Copilot’s new AI-powered part search makes finding and placing components faster and easier using natural language.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smarter-part-search/main.webp) ### Smarter Part Search Just Got a Major Upgrade 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smarter-part-search-just-got-a-major-upgrade)[ ![A detailed illustration showing PCB footprint design with pad layout, silkscreen markings, and courtyard boundaries](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-footprint-design-guide/main.webp) ### How to Design a PCB Footprint (Step-by-Step Guide) 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-footprint-design-guide)[ ![A close-up xray of printed circuit board with its multi-layer traces featuring short circuit and over current protection.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/protection-circuit-101/main.webp) ### Protection Circuit 101: Securing Your Electronics from Overcurrent and Short Circuits 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/protection-circuit-101-securing-your-electronics-from-overcurrent-and-short-circuits)[ ![Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductor and a flyback diode. The resistor represents the resistance of the inductor's windings.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flyback-diodes/main.webp) ### Understanding the Flyback Diode: Your Essential Guide to Functionality and Why You Need One 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-flyback-diode-your-essential-guide-to-functionality-and-why-you-need-one)[ ![3D render of a zener diode with its electronic symbol and pinout which consists of anode and cathode](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-zener-diode/main.webp) ### What Is a Zener Diode? How It Works and Where It’s Used 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-zener-diode-an-essential-breakdown)[ ![A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage VGS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an n-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide (yellow), which allows electrons to flow between the n-doped terminals; the switch is on.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mosfet-basics/main.webp) ### Understanding the Fundamentals: MOSFET Basics for Beginners 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-fundamentals-mosfet-basics-for-beginners)[ ![Two transistor packages mounted on separate circuit boards.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/npn-vs-pnp-transistors/main.webp) ### NPN vs PNP Transistors: Differences & When to Use Each 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/npn-vs-pnp-transistors)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM741, a classic operational amplifier](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm741/main.webp) ### LM741 Pinout: A Deep Dive into a Classic Op Amp 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm741-pinout-a-deep-dive-into-a-classic-op-amp)[ ![An assortment of variable resistors displayed on a dark background with the text 'Variable Resistors' at the top and a circuit symbol for a variable resistor in the center](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/6-types-of-variable-resistors/main.webp) ### 6 Types of Variable Resistors: a Detailed Look at Their Uses 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/6-types-of-variable-resistors-a-detailed-look-at-their-uses)[ ### Parallel and Series Resistor Calculator 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/parallel-and-series-resistor-calculator)[ ![A resistor showing its different color bands](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/site-cms/643f890cd71a69ee18b71efa_resistor-color-code-calculator.png) ### Resistor Color Code Calculator 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/resistor-color-code-calculator)[ ![A comparison illustration of SMT and through-hole PCB assembly technologies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smt-vs-through-hole/main.webp) ### SMT vs Through-Hole Technology: Which Should You Use? 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smt-vs-through-hole)[ ![A person soldering a circuit board made with Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flux-soldering/main.webp) ### How to Use Flux When Soldering Electronics 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/solder-flux-guide-for-soldering)[ ![Different types of toggle switches scattered and a big text - Toggle switch](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/toggle-switch/main.webp) ### The Ultimate Guide to Toggle Switches: Types, Uses, and How They Work 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-toggle-switches-types-uses-and-how-they-work)[ ![A push button switch soldered on a rigid-flex printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/push-button/main.webp) ### What Is the Science Behind Push Button Switches and How They Work 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-the-science-behind-push-button-switches-and-how-they-work)[ ![Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tactile-switches-guide/main.webp) ### Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tactile-switches-guide)[ ![Close up of different types of electrical connectors, wire connectors, and solder connectors piled up.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/electrical-connectors/main.webp) ### Electrical Wire Connector Types and Uses 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-electrical-connectors-and-wiring-connection)[ ![A selection of low-profile board-to-board connectors on a white background.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/board-to-board-connectors/main.webp) ### Board-to-Board Connectors: Types, Pitch and Stack Height 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/board-to-board-connectors)[ ![Temperature probes and a thermistor beside a measurement circuit.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rtd-vs-thermocouple-vs-thermistor/main.webp) ### RTD vs Thermocouple vs Thermistor: Sensor Selection 14 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rtd-vs-thermocouple-vs-thermistor)[ ![An illustration of PCB debugging tools and techniques including multimeter, oscilloscope, and thermal imaging](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-debugging-common-issues/main.webp) ### Why Your PCB Is Failing: Debugging Common Issues 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-debugging-common-issues)[ ![555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/555-timer/main.webp) ### 555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/555-timer)[ ![Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/inverting-op-amp/main.webp) ### Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/inverting-op-amp)[ ![How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer/main.webp) ### How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer) See All (122) ## Let’s start building. Let’s build your idea together. All you need to do is describe what you want to make, or what problem you want to solve. Flux will work with you to make it a reality. [Try it Free](https://www.flux.ai/signup) ![Close-up of a Flux-designed printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/homepage-v2/mission-visual.webp)