# NFC vs RFID: Board Design, Tags, and Reader Choices Compare LF, HF, NFC, and UHF RFID, then choose reader or dynamic-tag circuits, antennas, interfaces, and security for your PCB. Written by [Jharwin Barrozo](https://www.flux.ai/jharwinbarrozo) Published Oct 2026 - 13 min read ![NFC vs RFID: Board Design, Tags, and Reader Choices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/nfc-vs-rfid/main.webp) ## Quick answer - For phone-tap configuration or pairing, start with a connected or dynamic near-field communication (NFC) tag rather than making your board a reader. - For badge access, use a secure high-frequency (HF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader-and-tag system. - For inventorying many tags several meters away, investigate ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID. - Animal identification requires standards-compliant low-frequency (LF) equipment with the correct duplex protocol, not just any LF reader. - Counterfeit authentication calls for a cryptographic NFC tag plus backend provisioning and freshness checks, not a readable serial number. ## The difference between NFC and RFID RFID describes a family of radio identification systems, including LF, HF, and UHF technologies. NFC is a standardized HF contactless technology within the RFID family. For an NFC vs RFID board design, specify the intended application, carrier, protocol, operating role, [antenna](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-design-pcb-trace-antenna), and security model. LF RFID is used in some existing credential systems and in animal identification. LF includes 125 kHz systems, illustrated by the EM4095 datasheet, Version 4.2 (22 April 2013). For animal ID, TI documents an ISO/IEC 11784/11785-compliant half-duplex (HDX) transponder with an activation carrier of 134.2 kHz, not exactly 134 kHz, in SCBS837 (October 2001). An animal-ID reader must support the tag's protocol, including HDX or full-duplex B (FDX-B), as well as the carrier frequency. HF RFID uses 13.56 MHz. Relevant communication standards include ISO/IEC 14443 proximity and ISO/IEC 15693 vicinity technologies. NFC uses the same carrier and overlaps the HF standards: the [NFC Forum technology overview](https://nfc-forum.org/learn/nfc-technology/) identifies ISO/IEC 14443 A/B and ISO/IEC 15693 among its supported technologies. An HF tag can also be an NFC tag, but phone support depends on tag formatting, NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) records for content such as URLs, and the modes a phone exposes. UHF inventory systems use regional Electronic Product Code (EPC) Gen2 / ISO/IEC 18000-63 bands to read many tagged items across larger areas. Select a legal channel plan for the deployment region because a radio's tuning range does not determine which frequencies are permitted. The ThingMagic Nano guide, Rev 09172018, documents regional configuration and protocol support. ## LF, HF, NFC, and UHF RFID comparison **Table 1. RFID and NFC specifications for PCB design** Reading distance depends on the tag, antenna, reader, and surrounding materials. The UHF range below comes from one manufacturer's test setup and should not be used as a predicted range for a custom PCB. | Specification | LF RFID | HF RFID | NFC | UHF RFID | Why it matters | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **Frequency** | 125 kHz example: EM4095; animal-ID example: 134.2 kHz, SCBS837 | 13.56 MHz, ST25DV\* | 13.56 MHz, NTAG I2C plus\*\* | Regional EPC Gen2 / ISO/IEC 18000-63 bands | Antenna and legal channel plan change | | **Read range** | Coil/tag/installation dependent | Loop/tag/installation dependent | Intentional close-proximity tap; no universal range | Nano guide p. 41: over 4.5 m with 6 dBi antenna and 33 dBm EIRP\*\*\*; not a PCB guarantee | Test the actual tag and enclosure | | **RF data rate** | Protocol-specific; no universal rate specified | ST25DV\* reader-to-tag: 1.6 kbit/s with 1/256 coding or 26 kbit/s with 1/4 coding | NTAG I2C plus\*\*: 106 kbit/s | Protocol/mode-specific; no universal rate specified | RF rate is not application throughput | | **Coupling** | Inductive; modulation depends on tag protocol, including HDX exceptions | Inductive, passive-tag load modulation | Inductive, passive-tag load modulation; active modes also exist | Radiative passive backscatter in the inventory use case | Keepout and matching strategies differ | | **Standards/types** | ISO 11784/11785 animal ID; other proprietary systems | ISO/IEC 14443 and 15693 | NFC Forum tag types and NDEF; Type 2 and Type 5 examples below | EPC Gen2 / ISO/IEC 18000-63 | Avoid buying by frequency alone | | **Memory** | Identification or writable data, tag-specific | Tag-specific EEPROM and access rules | Plain/password/cryptographic implementations are different | EPC identifiers and optional additional capabilities, implementation-specific | Count application bytes, not family names | | **Security** | Do not assume an identifier authenticates | Can support secure credential systems | Password protection is not cryptographic authentication | Inventory compatibility does not establish authentication | Define the threat model separately | | **Phone compatibility** | External reader required | Depends on supported technology and formatting | Native NFC on supported phones; OS/app restrictions apply | External reader required | Phone integration may favor a tag | | **Board cost** | Coil, analog front end, decoder firmware for a reader | Reader IC, loop, tuning, host firmware | Dynamic tag can avoid board-side reader hardware | Module, RF antenna/feed, stronger power/thermal budget | Compare complete installed hardware | | **Board power** | Reader generates field; passive tag does not | Reader generates field; passive tag harvests it | Connected tag can wake host on field/activity | Transmitting inventory reader has substantial active load | Separate reader and tag budgets | *Table notes:* *HF rate and carrier cells derive from* [*DS10925 Rev 11*](https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/st25dv04k.pdf)*, "RF communication".* NFC carrier and rate derive from [NT3H2111\_2211 Rev 3.6](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NT3H2111_2211.pdf). *The UHF range is the manufacturer's example in TM\_Nano-UG Rev 09172018, p. 41, not a tested range for your PCB. EIRP means effective isotropic radiated power.* ## Choose LF RFID if… - You must interoperate with an installed LF credential system. - Animal identification specifies ISO 11784/11785 and a particular duplex mode. - Phone access is unnecessary, or an external reader is acceptable. - You can accommodate the coil and test reading distance with the intended tags and enclosure materials. - Your firmware team can implement the selected decoder and validate real tags. The LF front end below also needs animal-ID protocol firmware for HDX or FDX-B. ## Choose HF RFID if… - Your installed tags specify ISO/IEC 14443 or ISO/IEC 15693. - You need controlled presentation rather than a wide inventory portal. - Access control requires cryptographic credentials and managed reader keys. - Your tag memory needs go beyond an immutable identifier. - You can select reader firmware around the exact communication protocol, not just the carrier. For phone compatibility, also specify the NFC tag type and NDEF message format so the intended app can read the tag. ## Choose NFC if… - A phone should configure the product with a tap. - Pairing should deliver an address or commissioning token to an app. - You want a dynamic tag connected to the host microcontroller (MCU). - Field detection should trigger host wakeup or a configuration workflow. - Authentication should use a cryptographic tag and a provisioned backend. A pairing record provides an address or token for device discovery, but the app should authenticate the device before accepting commissioning commands. Protect such commands in the application protocol. ## Choose UHF RFID if… - Many moving items must be inventoried without individual presentation. - The read zone extends beyond an intentional phone tap. - You can use an external antenna and plan the antenna's polarization and coverage. - Your supply and enclosure can support transmitting-reader operation. - You can test tags on metal or liquid-filled products and configure the reader for the deployment region. Validate missed tags, unintended reads, and reader interference under realistic inventory traffic. ## Design considerations before capturing the schematic ### Reader, passive tag, or connected tag? The board role determines the required components: - **Reader:** Generates the radio field, commands tags, and receives replies. A compatible phone can perform the NFC reader role. - **Passive tag:** Harvests power from the reader's field and sends stored information. - **Connected or dynamic tag:** Also exposes memory or transfer functions to the host MCU. NXP NT3H2111W0FHKH, a connected NTAG I2C plus chip for phone interaction, provides optional password protection and configurable open-drain field detection, useful for synchronization or waking connected circuitry. Neither feature provides cryptographic product authentication. ### Antenna inductance, tuning, matching, and Q Measure a loop's equivalent inductance, resistance, and parasitic capacitance in the final mechanical assembly. The quality factor (Q) describes how sharply the loop resonates. Tune the resonance, then match the reader's driver and receiver paths for the measured loop. Capacitor values from a demo board may not suit a different antenna. Excessive Q narrows bandwidth and affects modulation waveforms. [AN11564 Rev 1.1](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN11564.pdf), NXP's PN7120 antenna matching guide, explains the measurement-and-matching workflow. Its numerical targets apply to the PN7120 reader. Prefer C0G/NP0 capacitors in the RF tuning network: NXP's PN7160 guide [AN13219](https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/application-note/AN13219.pdf) specifies that dielectric for matching capacitors. Nearby metal also affects antenna tuning. Keep [copper planes](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-stackup-design-guide), batteries, mounting hardware, and metal enclosures away from an unshielded loop. Nearby metal changes inductance and loss through eddy currents. Ferrite can help, but it also changes the equivalent circuit: measure and tune with the ferrite installed, as AN11564 directs. A UHF reader module instead connects to an antenna through a controlled RF transmission path. Use the chosen module's reference impedance and routing guidance. The [PCB impedance control guide](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-impedance-control-guide) explains how the board stackup determines the required trace width. ### Host interfaces and power The host MCU communicates with the reader or connected tag. The ST25R3916-AQET is an HF/NFC reader chip. It supports [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/spi-vs-i2c) and Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C). The interfaces share pins, and I2C\_EN selects the active bus. The dynamic-tag examples use I2C, whereas the Nano reference uses a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) (TM\_Nano-UG Rev 09172018, p. 34). Assign interrupts, interface selection, reset, and sleep controls during schematic planning. When using an ESP32 host, consult the [ESP32 pinout guide](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/esp32-pinout-everything-you-need-to-know) before allocating bus signals and wake-capable GPIOs, then check the exact MCU datasheet. Budget transmitting, listening, polling, and sleep states separately. A field-detection output can wake the host when a reader approaches without continuous software polling. For example, the ST25DV general-purpose output (GPO) can report field changes, RF activity, and transfer events. Energy harvesting from the NFC field depends on coupling and reader behavior and may not supply enough power for the host. ### Memory, authentication, and phones Tag memory and cryptographic authentication have different purposes. Do not authorize an unlock from unique identifier (UID) equality or treat an NDEF URL as proof of authenticity. Older MIFARE Classic badges rely on Crypto1, a broken legacy cipher. NXP's current guidance directs security-relevant applications toward newer DESFire or Plus credential chips. Attacks on older cards are documented by Keysight's security analysis, 27 August 2024. [DESFire EV3](https://www.nxp.com/products/MF3DHx3), a secure HF credential chip for access control, supports cryptographic credential systems. For product authentication, [NTAG 424 DNA](https://www.nxp.com/products/rfid-nfc/nfc-hf/ntag-for-tags-and-labels/ntag-424-dna-424-dna-tagtamper-advanced-security-and-privacy-for-trusted-iot-applications%3ANTAG424DNA) supplies authenticated dynamic NFC messages. Both systems require non-default, diversified keys, protected backend secrets, and revocation and anti-replay behavior. A valid message authentication code alone does not tell the backend whether a previously accepted message is being reused. NXP's AN12653 Rev 1.1 discusses diversification, transaction counters, and backend fraud detection. Phone NFC compatibility also depends on software. NDEF read/write and low-level tag access are different capabilities. Android's [NFC documentation](https://developer.android.com/develop/connectivity/nfc/advanced-nfc) makes MIFARE Classic support optional, while [Apple Core NFC](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/CoreNFC) requires supported hardware, appropriate sessions, and entitlements. Writable memory, app permissions, tag technology, and OS behavior all matter. Ordinary phone NFC hardware is not a native LF or UHF reader. ## Minimal reference-circuit descriptions The reference circuits below cover the required reader or tag IC, host, and antenna connections. They are schematic examples, not tested boards or final component values. ### LF: coil front end and MCU decoder For LF reader designs, use EM Microelectronic EM4095HMSO16B+ as a library-available LF front end. Follow EM4095 Version 4.2, "Typical Operating Configuration": antenna-driver outputs feed the resonant coil network, DEMOD\_OUT and RDY/CLK reach MCU inputs, and MCU outputs control MOD and SHD. Include local supply [decoupling](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoupling-capacitors-pcb) and the documented demodulator network. Animal-ID duplex modes also require suitable protocol firmware. ### HF: reader and tuned loop For an HF credential reader, use STMicroelectronics ST25R3916-AQET, a host MCU, supply decoupling, the documented clock arrangement, and a tuned loop. Route RFO1/RFO2 through the driver matching network and implement the receiver paths at RFI1/RFI2. Connect the selected SPI or I2C interface plus interrupt/control signals to the MCU. Secure-credential software also requires authentication beyond RF transport. ### NFC: phone-facing dynamic tag For phone-tap configuration, use NXP NT3H2111W0FHKH for a Type 2 connected tag, with the antenna at its RF terminals, host I2C with suitable pull-ups, and host supply/decoupling. To notify the MCU of a phone tap, connect open-drain FD to an interrupt input with a pull-up to a compatible host logic rail, as shown in [NT3H2111\_2211 Rev 3.6, Figure 12](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NT3H2111_2211.pdf). Optional energy harvesting takes power from the reader's field. Alternatively, STMicroelectronics ST25DV04K-JFR8D3 is an ISO/IEC 15693 / NFC Forum Type 5 dynamic tag chip. Connect the antenna coil exclusively between AC0 and AC1. Add host I2C, the appropriate supplies, and GPO according to the selected package. Do not attach unrelated DC or AC paths to the antenna pins. [ST marks the ST25DV04K family as not recommended for new designs](https://www.st.com/en/nfc/st25dv04k.html). ### UHF: reader-module carrier For UHF inventory, the ThingMagic/JADAK M6E-NANO guide supplies a practical carrier-board reference: host UART, regulated supply with active-transmit margin, ENABLE control, and a matched RF feed to an external antenna. Start from its carrier drawing rather than an NFC loop. ### BOM checklist Include the reader/tag IC, antenna, C0G tuning passives, decoupling, clock components where required, interface/FD pull-ups, supplies, and a UHF RF connector where applicable. Check supply voltage, current capability, logic compatibility, and RF-component ratings against the exact device and antenna design. Do not invent margins or reuse untested reference values. ## FAQ ### Is NFC the same as RFID? NFC is included in HF RFID, but RFID also includes LF and UHF technologies. Specify the exact air protocol and product role instead of treating the labels as interchangeable. ### What is the difference between an NFC vs RFID tag? An NFC tag follows a phone-oriented contactless technology and data convention. An RFID tag may use a completely different carrier and protocol. Some HF tags fit both descriptions, so inspect the chip and formatting. ### UHF RFID vs NFC: which works for inventory? UHF is the relevant starting point for a many-item, several-meter inventory zone. NFC is useful for intentional item-by-item interaction, although neither label guarantees performance around your materials. ### 125 kHz vs 13.56 MHz RFID: can one reader read both? Not without hardware and firmware supporting both radio systems. Sharing an MCU does not make an HF reader's antenna and analog front end work with LF tags. ### Can my phone read every RFID tag? No: native NFC supports only its implemented technologies and software pathways. LF and UHF need external readers, while even HF compatibility depends on protocol, formatting, and OS support. ### Is a dynamic NFC tag automatically secure? No: writable shared memory or password protection is not equivalent to cryptographic authentication. Use a suitable secure tag, provision keys, and enforce backend freshness for authentication applications. ## Sources, library verification, and limitations - ST25R3916-AQET, STMicroelectronics: [DS12484 Rev 8](https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/st25r3916.pdf) supports interfaces and RF connections. - NT3H2111W0FHKH, NXP: [NT3H2111\_2211 Rev 3.6](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NT3H2111_2211.pdf), 21 July 2023 supports carrier, rate, password, and FD claims. - ST25DV04K-JFR8D3, STMicroelectronics: [DS10925 Rev 11](https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/st25dv04k.pdf) supports RF rates and antenna connections. The family is currently NRND. - EM4095HMSO16B+, EM Microelectronic: EM4095 Version 4.2, 22 April 2013, LF carrier and application topology. - Additional manufacturer documents: TI SCBS837, October 2001, animal-ID carrier; ThingMagic TM\_Nano-UG Rev 09172018, UART/carrier/range; NXP NT4H2421Gx Rev 3.0, 31 January 2019, cryptographic tag; MFDFLFEV3 REV0, 19 May 2020, DESFire security; [AN11564 Rev 1.1](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN11564.pdf), 18 April 2016, antenna/ferrite; [AN13219](https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/application-note/AN13219.pdf), capacitor dielectric; AN12653 Rev 1.1, 5 May 2021, system security. **Scope note:** LF/HF ranges and LF/UHF data rates vary by implementation. Actual PCB ranges and reference component values require testing with the chosen tags, antenna, and enclosure. The conceptual circuits are not tested hardware. RFID operating bands, permitted radiated power, antenna restrictions, and exposure obligations depend on region. Plan emissions and product compliance testing with the finished antenna and enclosure. Using an ISM frequency or following a module carrier circuit does not certify the finished product. For an NFC vs RFID board project, [start a schematic in Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p) and select the reader, tag, antenna, and host interface for the intended application. ## About the author [Jharwin Barrozo](https://www.flux.ai/jharwinbarrozo) Electronics Engineer at Flux Jharwin is an electronics engineer mainly focused on satellites. He built his own ground station using Flux to monitor RF activities on the International Space Station. Find him on Flux [@jharwinbarrozo](https://flux.ai/jharwinbarrozo) Let’s start building Build your big idea together with Flux. All you need to do is describe what you want to make, or what problem you want to solve. 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A Practical Guide 22 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-signal-integrity-pcb)[ ![High-Speed PCB Design: Layout Rules, Signal Integrity, and Routing Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-speed-pcb-design/main.webp) ### High-Speed PCB Design: Layout Rules, Signal Integrity, and Routing Best Practices 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-speed-pcb-design-layout-rules)[ ![A detailed illustration of EMI and EMC concepts in PCB design showing shielding, grounding, and interference reduction techniques](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/emi-emc-pcb-design-guide/main.webp) ### EMI/EMC in PCB Design: How to Reduce Interference 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/emi-emc-pcb-design-guide)[ ![Illustration for PCB EMI Problems: Causes and Solutions](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-emi-issues/main.webp) ### PCB EMI Problems: Causes and Solutions 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-emi-issues)[ ![Differential Pair Routing Guidelines and Controlled Impedance Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/differential-pair-routing/main.webp) ### Differential Pair Routing Guidelines and Controlled Impedance Best Practices 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/differential-pair-routing)[ ![An illustration of PCB impedance control concepts showing trace geometry, dielectric layers, and signal integrity](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-impedance-control-guide/main.webp) ### PCB Impedance Control: A Practical Guide for Engineers 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-impedance-control-guide)[ ![Introducing Curved Traces in Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/curved-traces/main.webp) ### Introducing Curved Traces in Flux 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/introducing-curved-traces-in-flux)[ ![Illustration for Analog vs Digital PCB Design: Key Differences Explained](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/analog-vs-digital-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Analog vs Digital PCB Design: Key Differences Explained 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/analog-vs-digital-pcb-design)[ ![CLC pi filter schematic with two shunt capacitors flanking a series inductor between VIN and VOUT](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pi-filter/main.webp) ### Pi Filters Explained: Design, Components & Applications 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pi-filter)[ ![RS485 electrical pin out and it's actual physical connector in 3D](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rs485/main.webp) ### RS485 Explained: Wiring, Specifications, and Applications 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rs485-a-technical-overview)[ ![What is RS232?](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rs232/main.webp) ### What is RS232? 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-rs232)[ ![SPI vs. I2C: Which Communication Protocol Should You Use?](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/spi-vs-i2c/main.webp) ### SPI vs. I2C: Which Communication Protocol Should You Use? 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/spi-vs-i2c)[ ![RJ45 Connectors: Pinouts, Categories, Uses, and Testing](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/rj45/main.webp) ### RJ45 Connectors: Pinouts, Categories, Uses, and Testing 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rj45-connectors-your-quick-guide-to-specs-and-uses)[ ![CO2 Sensor Technology: How These Devices Detect Carbon Dioxide](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/co2-sensor/main.webp) ### CO2 Sensor Technology: How These Devices Detect Carbon Dioxide 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/co2-sensor-technology-how-these-devices-detect-carbon-dioxide)[ ![Hall Effect Joysticks: How They Work, Benefits, and Uses](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/hall-effect/main.webp) ### Hall Effect Joysticks: How They Work, Benefits, and Uses 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-hall-effect-joysticks-deliver-unmatched-accuracy)[ ![A close up of a crystal oscillator on an electronic printed circuit board.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/oscillators/main.webp) ### What Is an Oscillator? Beginner's Guide to Oscillating Circuits 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-an-oscillator-a-beginners-guide-to-oscillating-circuits)[ ![A guide to flexible PCB design covering materials, layout rules, and applications for modern electronics](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flex-pcb-design-guide/main.webp) ### Flexible PCB Design Guide: Materials, Layout, and Applications 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/flex-pcb-design-guide)[ ![Illustration for Rigid-Flex PCB Design: Benefits, Challenges, and Layout Tips](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rigid-flex-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Rigid-Flex PCB Design: Benefits, Challenges, and Layout Tips 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rigid-flex-pcb-design)[ ![Illustration of printed PCB trace antennas with RF routing, ground-plane keepouts, and radiating elements.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-design-pcb-trace-antenna/main.webp) ### The RF Engineer's Guide to Designing Printed Trace Antennas 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-design-pcb-trace-antenna)[ ![Illustration of SMA connectors and RF PCB mounting styles used for high-frequency signal connections.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/sma-connectors/main.webp) ### SMA Connectors Explained: Types, Applications, and PCB Design Considerations 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/sma-connectors)[ ![RC low-pass filter concept art showing a noisy input waveform smoothed into a clean sine wave over a PCB](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rc-low-pass-filter/main.webp) ### RC Low-Pass Filter: Formula, Cutoff Frequency & Design 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rc-low-pass-filter)[ ![Low-pass and high-pass filter circuits with low- and high-frequency waveforms.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/low-pass-vs-high-pass-filter/main.webp) ### Low-Pass vs High-Pass Filter: Differences and Examples 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/low-pass-vs-high-pass-filter)[ ![A Bluetooth module on a PCB, with the antenna placed at the board edge.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-choose-a-bluetooth-module/main.webp) ### How to Choose a Bluetooth Module for Your PCB Design 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-choose-a-bluetooth-module)[ ![Different packages of voltage regulators and its common reference design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/decoding-voltage-regulators/main.webp) ### Decoding Voltage Regulators: How They Work in Everyday Electronics 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoding-voltage-regulators-how-they-work-in-everyday-electronics)[ ![Voltage Regulators: How They Work, Types, and Applications](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/voltage-regulator/main.webp) ### Voltage Regulators: How They Work, Types, and Applications 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/voltage-regulator-principles-types-and-key-applications)[ ![PCB Design for Buck Switching Converter Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/buck-converter/main.webp) ### Buck Converter Design: Components, PCB Layout, and Formulas 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/design-buck-converters-like-a-pro)[ ![Side by side high level schematic diagram of a buck and boost converter with their roles in power systems](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/buck-boost-converters/main.webp) ### Buck and Boost Converters: How They Work and Where They’re Used 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/explore-the-advantages-of-buck-and-boost-converter-in-modern-electronics)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM2596 buck converter or step-down converter with its various external components like capacitors, zener diode, and inductor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm2596/main.webp) ### LM2596 in Action: Case Study of Its Application in Power Supply Units 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm2596-in-action-case-study-of-its-application-in-power-supply-units)[ ![A complex printed circuit board highlighting the proper usage of ground fills/poor, stitching vias and power planes, without any components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/gnd-fills-power-planes/main.webp) ### Guide to GND Fills and Power Planes 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/guide-to-gnd-fills-and-power-planes)[ ![Illustration for Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pdn-design-pcb/main.webp) ### Power Distribution Network (PDN) Design in PCBs 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pdn-design-pcb)[ ![A detailed illustration of PCB grounding techniques showing ground planes, return paths, and noise reduction strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-grounding-techniques/main.webp) ### PCB Grounding Techniques for Noise Reduction and Stability 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-grounding-techniques)[ ![A detailed illustration of high-current PCB design showing trace sizing, thermal management, and power layout strategies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/high-current-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Designing High-Current PCBs: Layout and Safety Considerations 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-current-pcb-design)[ ![An illustration showing PCB trace resistance calculation concepts with copper traces and measurement tools](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance/main.webp) ### How to Calculate PCB Trace Resistance 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-calculate-pcb-trace-resistance)[ ![A focused electrician wearing safety gear is carefully inspecting or repairing an electrical box with wires attached to it. He wears a yellow hard hat, safety glasses, ear protection, and gloves, highlighting the importance of personal protective equipment when working with electrical systems. The meticulous examination of the electrical connections signifies the critical nature of ensuring proper voltage levels and avoiding voltage drop, which can lead to reduced efficiency and potential damage to electrical components.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/voltage-drop/main.webp) ### Voltage Drop Calculations: Formulas, Factors, and Guidelines 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/importance-of-voltage-drop-calculations)[ ![An array of AC to DC converter circuit boards featuring components like transformers, bridge rectifiers, and capacitors to facilitate the conversion of alternating current to direct current.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/ac-to-dc-converters/main.webp) ### AC to DC Converter: The Backbone of Power Electronics 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/ac-to-dc-converter-the-backbone-of-power-electronics)[ ![AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/hatter/ac-dc-converter/main.webp) ### AC-to-DC Converters: How They Work, Types, and Design Tips 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-an-ac-to-dc-converter-technical-basics-explained)[ ![Illustration for Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-management/main.webp) ### Thermal Management in PCB Design: Methods and Best Practices 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-thermal-management)[ ![PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-thermal-analysis/main.webp) ### PCB Thermal Management: Analysis and Design Best Practices 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/achieving-efficient-heat-flow-pcb-thermal-management-best-practices)[ ![Illustration of a PPS chip symbolically powering three fast charging technologies—PPS, Power Delivery (PD), and Quick Charge (QC)—on a dark background.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/programmable-power-supply/main.webp) ### Understanding PPS Fast Charging: What It Is and How It Works 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-pps-fast-charging-what-it-is-and-how-it-works)[ ![Illustration for Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/decoupling-capacitors-pcb/main.webp) ### Decoupling Capacitors in PCB Design: Placement and Selection 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/decoupling-capacitors-pcb)[ ![The image presents a graphical representation of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs). On the left side of the image, there is a three-dimensional illustration of a capacitor, with a beige body and alternating white and golden layers, representing the ceramic and metal layers of the capacitor. An arrow points from this illustration to the right side of the image, where there is a cutaway view of a similar capacitor, showing multiple golden conducting layers separated by white ceramic layers, which illustrate the internal structure of the capacitor. The background is dark green, and above the illustrations, in large white and green text, the acronym "MLCCs" is spelled out, followed by the full term "MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS" in smaller capital letters.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-ceramic-capacitors/main.webp) ### What Is a Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC)? 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-multilayer-ceramic-capacitor-key-features-and-applications)[ ![Cutaway diagram of a tantalum capacitor showing anode, dielectric, cathode layers, epoxy case, and leads](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tantalum-capacitor/main.webp) ### Tantalum Capacitors Guide: Polarity, Derating & Risks 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tantalum-capacitor)[ ![A big text Amps vs Volts with their corresponding symbols (I and V) as background](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/amps-vs-volts/main.webp) ### Amps vs. Volts: Key Differences and How They Work Together 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/amps-vs-volts-understanding-the-key-differences)[ ![Shunt resistor, Hall-effect, and current transformer current sensors compared.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/current-sensor-types/main.webp) ### Current Sensor Types: Shunt, Hall Effect, and Current Transformer Comparison 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/current-sensor-types)[ ![Cylindrical and pouch battery cells beside a battery-management circuit board.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/li-ion-vs-lipo-vs-lifepo4-vs-nimh/main.webp) ### Li-ion vs LiPo vs LiFePO4 vs NiMH for Hardware Design 16 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/li-ion-vs-lipo-vs-lifepo4-vs-nimh)[ ![Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/stackup_editor/main.webp) ### Never Worry About Stackups Again: Introducing the Stackup Editor 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/never-worry-about-stackups-again-introducing-the-stackup-editor)[ ![Flux Stackup Editor showing a Standard 4-Layer PCB stackup with Top Copper, Mid-Layer 1, Mid-Layer 2, and Bottom Copper signal layers separated by Prepreg and Core dielectric materials, with layer thicknesses and dielectric constants configured for impedance-controlled PCB design.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/multilayer-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Multilayer PCB Design: Stackup and Routing Best Practices 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/multilayer-pcb-design-best-practices)[ ![An illustrated guide to PCB materials comparing FR4 and advanced substrates for high-performance circuit board design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-materials-guide/main.webp) ### How to Choose PCB Materials: FR4 vs Advanced Substrates 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-materials-guide)[ ![A detailed illustration showing the cross-section of a multilayer PCB with different via types including through-hole, blind, buried, and microvias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-via-types-guide/main.webp) ### Blind Vias, Buried Vias, and Microvias: A Complete Guide to PCB Via Types 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-via-types-guide)[ ![A 2d view and layout of a pcb board design showing different type of vias](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/different-type-vias/main.webp) ### Exploring Different Types of Vias in PCB 2 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/exploring-different-types-of-pcb-vias)[ ![A complex PCB board with high-density interconnect (HDI) technology, featuring advanced routing on each of its copper layers.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-micro-vias-blind-buried-vias/main.webp) ### High-Density PCBs just got easier with Smart Vias 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/high-density-pcbs-just-got-easier-with-smart-vias)[ ![A detailed illustration of a multilayer PCB cross-section showing via stitching connecting ground planes across layers](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/via-stitching-pcb-guide/main.webp) ### How to Use Via Stitching in PCB Design 11 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/via-stitching-pcb-guide)[ ![An illustration of PCB design constraints showing electrical, mechanical, and manufacturing rules](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-constraints/main.webp) ### PCB Design Constraints: What Engineers Need to Know 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-constraints)[ ![PCB constraint management showing how engineers control layout rules for routing, spacing, and impedance](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-constraint-management/main.webp) ### PCB Constraint Management: How Engineers Control Layout Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-constraint-management)[ ![Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-drc/main.webp) ### Design Rule Checking (DRC) in PCB Design: Real-Time vs Batch, Rules, and Common Failures 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-rule-checking-drc)[ ![ERC vs DRC in PCB design showing the difference between electrical rule checks and design rule checks](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/erc-vs-drc/main.webp) ### Electrical Rule Check (ERC) vs DRC in PCB Design 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/erc-vs-drc)[ ![A guide to PCB design reviews covering schematic, layout, and DFM checks for catching errors early](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-review-process/main.webp) ### PCB Design Reviews: Best Practices for Catching Errors Early 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-review-process)[ ![Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-design-mistakes/main.webp) ### Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 31 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-design-mistakes)[ ![Image showing a stack of printed circuit boards (PCBs) with a large white 'X' over them, highlighting '5 Common Mistakes in PCB Design.' The background features intricate PCB traces in red and blue on a dark surface, with a purple gradient highlighting the title. The image emphasizes errors commonly made in PCB design, such as layout, signal integrity, and component placement.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/5-common-mistakes-in-pcb-design/main.webp) ### 5 Common PCB Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/5-pcb-design-mistakes-that-could-ruin-your-board)[ ![A guide to PCB silkscreen design covering labeling, readability, and common manufacturing mistakes](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-silkscreen-design/main.webp) ### PCB Silkscreen Design: Guidelines and Common Mistakes 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-silkscreen-design)[ ![Advanced complex PCB boards using Flux's Smart Polygons](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smart-polygons/main.webp) ### Smart Polygons: Advanced PCB Design Just Got Easier 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smart-polygons-advanced-pcb-design-just-got-easier)[ ![A complex printed circuit board with lots of electronic components. A 3D render of the PCB on Flux.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/new-3d-render/main.webp) ### Automatically Create Photorealistic PCB Renders 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/automatically-create-photorealistic-pcb-renders)[ ![A tool on Flux to measure the distance between two pads in PCB editor with a text mm to mil conversion.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mm-to-mil/main.webp) ### How to Convert from MM to Mils: a Guide for Beginners 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-convert-from-mm-to-mils-a-guide-for-beginners)[ ![Illustration of a printed circuit board showing solder mask over copper traces and exposed pads.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-solder-mask/main.webp) ### What Is Solder Mask? Materials, Colors, and PCB Design Rules 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-solder-mask)[ ![Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/import-dxf-board-outline-error/main.webp) ### Designing Custom PCB Outlines: Fixing DXF and SVG Import Failures 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/import-dxf-board-outline-error)[ ![PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-enclosure-design/main.webp) ### PCB Enclosure Design: How to Design an Enclosure 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-enclosure-design)[ ![A PCB layout with IPC design standards that apply to trace width, land patterns, and assembly.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-ipc-standards/main.webp) ### PCB IPC Standards Explained: IPC-2221, IPC-2152, IPC-7351, and More 9 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-ipc-standards)[ ![A guide to PCB component selection covering electrical specs, footprints, thermal performance, and sourcing best practices](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/component-selection-pcb-design/main.webp) ### Component Selection in PCB Design: How Engineers Choose the Right Parts 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/component-selection-pcb-design)[ ![Flux Copilot’s new AI-powered part search makes finding and placing components faster and easier using natural language.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smarter-part-search/main.webp) ### Smarter Part Search Just Got a Major Upgrade 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smarter-part-search-just-got-a-major-upgrade)[ ![A detailed illustration showing PCB footprint design with pad layout, silkscreen markings, and courtyard boundaries](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-footprint-design-guide/main.webp) ### How to Design a PCB Footprint (Step-by-Step Guide) 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-footprint-design-guide)[ ![A close-up xray of printed circuit board with its multi-layer traces featuring short circuit and over current protection.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/protection-circuit-101/main.webp) ### Protection Circuit 101: Securing Your Electronics from Overcurrent and Short Circuits 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/protection-circuit-101-securing-your-electronics-from-overcurrent-and-short-circuits)[ ![Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductor and a flyback diode. The resistor represents the resistance of the inductor's windings.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flyback-diodes/main.webp) ### Understanding the Flyback Diode: Your Essential Guide to Functionality and Why You Need One 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-flyback-diode-your-essential-guide-to-functionality-and-why-you-need-one)[ ![3D render of a zener diode with its electronic symbol and pinout which consists of anode and cathode](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/what-is-zener-diode/main.webp) ### What Is a Zener Diode? How It Works and Where It’s Used 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-a-zener-diode-an-essential-breakdown)[ ![A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage VGS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an n-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide (yellow), which allows electrons to flow between the n-doped terminals; the switch is on.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/mosfet-basics/main.webp) ### Understanding the Fundamentals: MOSFET Basics for Beginners 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/understanding-the-fundamentals-mosfet-basics-for-beginners)[ ![Two MOSFET packages on circuit boards, with a green indicator LED.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/nmos-vs-pmos/main.webp) ### NMOS vs PMOS: Differences & When to Use Each 15 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/nmos-vs-pmos)[ ![Two transistor packages mounted on separate circuit boards.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/npn-vs-pnp-transistors/main.webp) ### NPN vs PNP Transistors: Differences & When to Use Each 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/npn-vs-pnp-transistors)[ ![Typical schematic diagram of LM741, a classic operational amplifier](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/lm741/main.webp) ### LM741 Pinout: A Deep Dive into a Classic Op Amp 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/lm741-pinout-a-deep-dive-into-a-classic-op-amp)[ ![An assortment of variable resistors displayed on a dark background with the text 'Variable Resistors' at the top and a circuit symbol for a variable resistor in the center](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/6-types-of-variable-resistors/main.webp) ### 6 Types of Variable Resistors: a Detailed Look at Their Uses 5 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/6-types-of-variable-resistors-a-detailed-look-at-their-uses)[ ### Parallel and Series Resistor Calculator 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/parallel-and-series-resistor-calculator)[ ![A resistor showing its different color bands](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/site-cms/643f890cd71a69ee18b71efa_resistor-color-code-calculator.png) ### Resistor Color Code Calculator 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/resistor-color-code-calculator)[ ![A comparison illustration of SMT and through-hole PCB assembly technologies](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/smt-vs-through-hole/main.webp) ### SMT vs Through-Hole Technology: Which Should You Use? 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/smt-vs-through-hole)[ ![A person soldering a circuit board made with Flux](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/flux-soldering/main.webp) ### How to Use Flux When Soldering Electronics 12 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/solder-flux-guide-for-soldering)[ ![Different types of toggle switches scattered and a big text - Toggle switch](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/toggle-switch/main.webp) ### The Ultimate Guide to Toggle Switches: Types, Uses, and How They Work 3 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-toggle-switches-types-uses-and-how-they-work)[ ![A push button switch soldered on a rigid-flex printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/push-button/main.webp) ### What Is the Science Behind Push Button Switches and How They Work 6 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/what-is-the-science-behind-push-button-switches-and-how-they-work)[ ![Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/tactile-switches-guide/main.webp) ### Tactile Switches: Wiring, Debouncing, and PCB Design 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/tactile-switches-guide)[ ![Close up of different types of electrical connectors, wire connectors, and solder connectors piled up.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/electrical-connectors/main.webp) ### Electrical Wire Connector Types and Uses 4 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-electrical-connectors-and-wiring-connection)[ ![A selection of low-profile board-to-board connectors on a white background.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/board-to-board-connectors/main.webp) ### Board-to-Board Connectors: Types, Pitch and Stack Height 13 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/board-to-board-connectors)[ ![Temperature probes and a thermistor beside a measurement circuit.](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/rtd-vs-thermocouple-vs-thermistor/main.webp) ### RTD vs Thermocouple vs Thermistor: Sensor Selection 14 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/rtd-vs-thermocouple-vs-thermistor)[ ![An illustration of PCB debugging tools and techniques including multimeter, oscilloscope, and thermal imaging](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/pcb-debugging-common-issues/main.webp) ### Why Your PCB Is Failing: Debugging Common Issues 7 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/pcb-debugging-common-issues)[ ![555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/555-timer/main.webp) ### 555 Timer Guide: Pinout, Operating Modes, and Circuit Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/555-timer)[ ![Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/inverting-op-amp/main.webp) ### Inverting Op-Amp Circuits: Formula, Gain, and Design Examples 10 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/inverting-op-amp)[ ![How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/blogs/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer/main.webp) ### How to Wire a Potentiometer: Pinout, Diagrams, and PCB Examples 8 Min Read](https://www.flux.ai/p/blog/how-to-wire-a-potentiometer) See All (122) ## Let’s start building. Let’s build your idea together. All you need to do is describe what you want to make, or what problem you want to solve. Flux will work with you to make it a reality. [Try it Free](https://www.flux.ai/signup) ![Close-up of a Flux-designed printed circuit board](https://www.flux.ai/p/assets/homepage-v2/mission-visual.webp)