copilot

• U2 is the central component, the FM Transmitter IC (MAX2606EUT+T).
• VCCPAD: Indicates the power supply connection.
• GNDPAD: Indicates the ground connection.
• L1: Represents the inductor (L1).
• VR1: Represents the variable resistor (potentiometer) (VR1).
• C4: Represents a capacitor $1\text{nF}$ (C4).
• C5: Represents the capacitor $100\text{pF}$ (C5).
• ANT1: Represents the antenna (ANT1).
• J1: Represents the microphone (J1).
• R4: Represents the resistor $500\Omega$ (R4).

copilot

• U2 je centralna komponenta, FM predajnik integrisano kolo (MAX2606EUT+T).
• VCCPAD: Ukazuje na priključak napajanja (PWR_FLAG).
• GNDPAD: Ukazuje na uzemljenje.
• L1: Predstavlja induktivnost (L1), 390nH.
• VR1: Predstavlja promenljivi otpornik (potenciometar) (VR1).
• C4: Predstavlja kondenzator (1nF, C_0603_1608Metric).
• C5: Predstavlja kondenzator (100pF, C_0603_1608Metric).
• ANT1: Predstavlja antenu (ANT1), 50 ohma.
• J1: Predstavlja mikrofon (Microphone).
• R4: Predstavlja otpornik (500Ω, R4).

milanpopovic

copilot

1. Power Supply: Regulation using AP2210N-3.3TRG1 to get a stable 3.3V.
2. Signal Generation: Using MAX2606EUT+T to generate a 90MHz FM signal.
3. Audio Input: A microphone to capture the audio signal.
4. Modulation: Modulating the audio signal onto the 90MHz carrier.

Plaintext
Connect U1:VOUT to +3V3:(+3V3), C1:(P1)
Connect U1:VIN to VCC PAD:pwr
Connect U1:GND to GND:(GND)
Connect R4:P1 to +3V3:(+3V3)
Connect R4:P2 to C3:P1, J1:OUT
Connect C3:P2 to U2:TUNE
Connect L1:P1 to U2:GND
Connect L1:P2 to U2:IND
Connect C4:P2 to GND:(GND)
Connect C4:P1 to U2:TUNE
Connect C1:P2 to GNDPAD:GND
Connect R1:P1 to +3V3:(+3V3)
Connect R1:P2 to U2:OUT-
Connect C5:P1 to ANT1
Connect C5:P2 to U2:OUT+
Connect U2:VCC to +3V3:(+3V3)

1. Audio signal generation (sine wave for simplicity).
2. FM modulation.
3. Frequency response.

Python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Simulation parameters
fs = 1.0e6       # Sampling frequency 1 MHz
t = np.arange(0, 1e-3, 1/fs)  # Time array for 1 ms

# Audio signal - 1kHz sine wave
f_audio = 1e3
audio_signal = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f_audio * t)

# Carrier signal - 90MHz sine wave
f_carrier = 90e6
carrier_signal = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f_carrier * t)

# FM Modulation
k_f = 1.0e3     # Frequency sensitivity factor
integral_audio = np.cumsum(audio_signal) / fs
fm_signal = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f_carrier * t + 2 * np.pi * k_f * integral_audio)

# Plotting the signals
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))

plt.subplot(3, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t[:1000], audio_signal[:1000])
plt.title('Audio Signal (1kHz)')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.subplot(3, 1, 2)
plt.plot(t[:1000], carrier_signal[:1000])
plt.title('Carrier Signal (90MHz)')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.subplot(3, 1, 3)
plt.plot(t[:1000], fm_signal[:1000])
plt.title('FM Modulated Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Simulation parameters
fs = 1.0e6       # Sampling frequency 1 MHz
t = np.arange(0, 1e-3, 1/fs)  # Time array for 1 ms

# Audio signal - 1kHz sine wave
f_audio = 1e3
audio_signal = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f_audio * t)

# Carrier signal - 90MHz sine wave
f_carrier = 90e6
carrier_signal = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f_carrier * t)

# FM Modulation
k_f = 1.0e3     # Frequency sensitivity factor
integral_audio = np.cumsum(audio_signal) / fs
fm_signal = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f_carrier * t + 2 * np.pi * k_f * integral_audio)

# Plotting the signals
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))

plt.subplot(3, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t[:1000], audio_signal[:1000])
plt.title('Audio Signal (1kHz)')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.subplot(3, 1, 2)
plt.plot(t[:1000], carrier_signal[:1000])
plt.title('Carrier Signal (90MHz)')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.subplot(3, 1, 3)
plt.plot(t[:1000], fm_signal[:1000])
plt.title('FM Modulated Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time [s]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Image

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1. Audio Signal (1kHz): This is a simple 1kHz sine wave representing the audio signal that will be transmitted.
2. Carrier Signal (90MHz): This is the high-frequency carrier signal. Due to the extremely high frequency, the wave appears very dense and almost looks like a continuous line on this time scale.
3. FM Modulated Signal: The modulated signal where the frequency of the carrier is varied according to the amplitude of the audio signal.

1. Component Selection and Parameter Fine-tuning: Ensure all components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) are correctly specified for your circuit.
2. Circuit Design: Finalize the circuit design in Flux using the provided connections.
3. Hardware Testing: Build the circuit on a breadboard or PCB and test it using actual components.

1. Netlist Validation: Ensure all connections match the design requirements and there are no open or unintended connections.
2. Simulation in Flux: Use Flux's built-in simulation tools or export the netlist for simulation.

copilot

• Dipole Antennas: If ANT1 is a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna could be an alternative. Dipoles have two conducting elements that receive or transmit the signal, which can sometimes result in better performance.
• Patch Antennas: If you need a compact and planar antenna, patch antennas could fit the bill. They are often used in mobile or wireless devices.
• Yagi-Uda or Yagi Antennas: These have higher gain and are more directional than some other types, making them a good fit for certain applications.
• Loop Antennas: These could be used if you are working in the HF (High Frequency) range.