copilot

• Operating Voltage: 12V
• Output Power: 5W
• Frequency Response: 20Hz to 20kHz
• THD: < 0.1% at full power
• Input Source: Line-level from a standard audio source
• Connectivity: Bluetooth 5.0, 3.5mm Jack, Screw Terminals
• Number of Channels: 2 (stereo)

1. Input Stage (buffering and filtering)
2. PWM Modulation
3. Output Stage (Mosfets and filters)
4. Power Supply

1. Input Capacitors: Block any DC component.

   • $C1$, $C2$

2. Voltage Divider: Adjust the input signal to a suitable level for the modulator.

   • $R1$, $R2$

1. Comparator: Use a high-speed comparator to generate the PWM signal.

   • Designator: U1 (you may need to add this component)

2. Oscillator: Generates a reference triangle wave for comparators.

   • Use an op-amp (e.g., 555 timer in astable mode)

1. MOSFETs: High-speed MOSFET transistors to handle switching.

   • Designator: Q1, Q2 (you may need to add Q2)

2. Freewheeling Diodes: Protect MOSFETs from back EMF.

   • Designator: D1, D2 (you may need to add these components)

3. LC Filter: Smooth out the PWM signals to recover the audio signal.

   • Inductor: $L1$, $L2$
   • Capacitors: $C4$, Additional Capacitors

• Capacitors: For decoupling and smoothing the power supply.

  • $C3$, Additional capacitors

• Voltage Regulator: To provide a stable 12V (if required).

• Bluetooth Module: Interface with the Bluetooth 5.0 module.
• 3.5mm Jack: $J2$, for line-level input.
• Screw Terminals: For speaker connections.

• Connect $C1$:1 to $J2$:T.
• Connect $C1$:2 to $R1$:P1.
• Connect $R1$:P2 to $GND$.

• Connect output of the oscillator to the inverting input of the comparator $U1$.
• Connect $C1$:2 to non-inverting input of the comparator $U1$.

• Connect $U1$:output to gate of $Q1$.
• Connect $Q1$:D to $SPK1$:+ through $L1$.
• Connect $SPK1$:- to $GND$.

• Connect $V1$:ANODE to system power rail.
• Connect $V1$:CATHODE to $GND$.

• Inductors for Output Filter: Choose suitable inductors for the LC filter.
• Additional capacitors for smoothing and decoupling: Add more as needed.
• Bluetooth Module for wireless input.

copilot

1. Open your project in Flux:

   • Navigate to your Flux project or create a new one.

2. Select the Component:

   • Click on the component whose value you want to edit. For example, if you want to edit the value of a capacitor (e.g. $C1$), select that capacitor on the schematic.

3. Open the Properties Panel:

   • After selecting the component, the properties panel for the component should be visible on the right side of the screen.

4. Edit the Value:

   • Locate the field corresponding to the value you want to edit. For a capacitor, it might be labeled Capacitance. For a resistor, it might be labeled Resistance.

5. Update the Value:

   • Change the value to the desired amount. For example, you can change the capacitance of $C1$ from 0.1u to a different value like 1u.

6. Save Your Changes:

   • Ensure that your changes are saved. Flux typically saves changes automatically, but it’s good practice to verify.

7. Verify Your Design:

   • After editing the values, it's always a good idea to verify your design to ensure everything is connected properly.

1. Select $R1$ in your schematic.
2. In the properties panel, find the Resistance field.
3. Change the value from 47k to 10k.
4. Verify that your change is saved and check the schematic to ensure there are no unintended side effects.

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copilot

1. Open Your Project:

   • Access your Flux project where you have your schematic.

2. Select a Component:

   • Click on any component in the schematic area. For example, click on $R1$.

3. Locate the Properties Panel:

   • Upon selecting a component, a properties panel should appear on the right side of the screen. This panel will display various attributes related to the selected component such as its value, footprint, manufacturer part number, and other relevant properties.

• Zoom Out:

  • Sometimes the properties panel might be off-screen if you’ve zoomed in too much. Zoom out to see if it appears.

• Check for Hidden Panels:

  • Ensure no other panels are covering it. You might need to close or minimize other panels.

• Expand Sidebar:

  • If the sidebar is collapsed, you might need to expand it by clicking an arrow or handle on the edge of the screen.

• Edit Mode:

  • Ensure you are in a mode that allows editing and viewing properties. Some modes might hide certain UI elements.

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copilot

1. Navigate to Simulate Mode:

   • In the top menu or toolbar of the Flux interface, there is a mode switch that allows you to enter the simulation mode. Look for a tab or option labeled "Simulate" or similar.

1. Select Simulation Type:

   • Choose the type of simulation you want to run. Common types include DC Analysis, Transient Analysis, and AC Analysis. For an audio amplifier, you might be interested in Transient Analysis to see how the circuit responds to time-varying signals.

2. Configure Inputs:

   • Specify any input signals or sources. For example, you can set up a sinusoidal signal to test how your audio amplifier handles an audio signal.

3. Define Probes:

   • Place probes on the schematic where you want to measure voltage, current, or other parameters.

1. Start the Simulation:

   • Click the "Run" or "Start Simulation" button. Flux will process the schematic and perform the simulation based on the parameters you have set.

1. View Output:

   • After the simulation runs, you will be able to see the results, typically in the form of plots and graphs.
   • Evaluate the performance of your circuit based on these results.

1. Signal Source:

   • Add a signal generator to your schematic to provide a time-varying input signal. Specify the frequency and amplitude as needed.

2. Probes:

   • Place probes at the output of your amplifier to measure the voltage.

• Ensure all components have models suitable for simulation.
• Check for any warnings or errors that may arise and address them.

1. Ensure Schematic Completeness: Verify all connections and component values.
2. Switch to Simulate Mode: Click on the "Simulate" tab.
3. Configure Simulation:

   • Choose $Transient\ Analysis$.
   • Set up input signals (e.g., a sinusoidal wave).
   • Place measurement probes.

4. Run Simulation: Click "Run".
5. Analyze Results: View and interpret the simulation output.

• Use realistic values for components.
• Validate against known benchmarks or expected behavior.

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copilot

1. Open Your Project:

   • Open your Flux project where you need the 12V DC supply.

2. Add a Power Supply Component:

   • In the component library, search for a DC power supply or a voltage source. You can look for components like VDC, DC Voltage Source, or similar.

3. Place the Power Supply:

   • Drag and drop the power supply component onto your schematic canvas.

4. Set the Voltage Value:

   • Click on the power supply component to open its properties panel.
   • Set the voltage value to 12V. This might be labeled as Voltage, V, or DC Voltage.

5. Connect the Power Supply:

   • Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the nodes in your circuit that require 12V.
   • Connect the ground (GND) terminal of the power supply to your circuit's ground.

• Set Voltage: In the properties panel of $V1$, set the voltage to 12V.
• Connect $V1$:

  • Connect $V1:+$ to the 12V power net in your circuit.
  • Connect $V1:-$ to the ground net in your circuit.

• Power Supply Designator: $V1$
• Ground Net: GND

Plaintext
Connect $V1:+$ to the input power bus or the points needing 12V.
Connect $V1:-$ to GND (same net as other ground points in your circuit).

1. Search for Power Source:

   • Search for DC Voltage Source in the Flux component library and select it. Place it in your schematic and name it $V1$.

2. Set Voltage:

   • Click on $V1$ to open its properties panel.
   • Set its Voltage to 12V.

3. Make Connections:

   • Positive Terminal: Connect $V1:+$ to the node or net requiring 12V DC.
   • Negative Terminal: Connect $V1:-$ to GND.

1. Ensure Connections:

   • Ensure that the positive and negative terminals are correctly connected to the intended nets.

2. Label Nets:

   • You may want to label your nets for clarity. Label the positive net as 12V and the ground net as GND.

• Connect $V1:+$ to $R1:P1$.
• Connect $V1:-$ to GND.

copilot

• R1: 47kΩ (47,000 ohms)
• R2: 47kΩ (47,000 ohms)
• R3: 47kΩ (47,000 ohms)
• R4: 47kΩ (47,000 ohms)
• R5: 10kΩ (10,000 ohms) (This is a potentiometer)

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copilot

• Class D amplifier
• Frequency response of 20Hz to 20kHz
• Line-level input
• Rated for 12V operation
• Bluetooth 5.0, 3.5mm jack connectivity
• Two-channel stereo output

1. $R_1$:

   • This resistor appears to be part of a voltage divider or biasing network.
   • Suggestion: 47kΩ is reasonable if it's part of a biasing network.

2. $R_2$:

   • Similar context to $R_1$.
   • Suggestion: 47kΩ is reasonable.

3. $R_3$:

   • Also appears to be part of a biasing network.
   • Suggestion: 47kΩ is reasonable.

4. $R_4$:

   • Appears to be in a feedback path, which can control gain or stability.
   • Suggestion: Depending on design, using a value between 47kΩ to 100kΩ is common, so 47kΩ should work.

5. $R_5$:

   • This is a potentiometer likely used for volume control or other tunable parameters.
   • Suggestion: 10kΩ is reasonable, as it's common for audio applications.

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copilot

1. $R_1$:

   • Function: Could be part of the input bias network.
   • Suggested Value: 10kΩ to 47kΩ. A typical choice is 22kΩ.

2. $R_2$:

   • Function: Possible bias resistor for a transistor or part of a voltage divider.
   • Suggested Value: 1kΩ to 10kΩ. A common value is 4.7kΩ if it is setting the bias current.

3. $R_3$:

   • Function: Similar to $R_2$, depending on the configuration, it could be a load resistor or part of a biasing network.
   • Suggested Value: 1kΩ to 10kΩ. 4.7kΩ is often used.

4. $R_4$:

   • Function: Typically used in the emitter or collector circuit for biasing and load.
   • Suggested Value: 4.7kΩ to 10kΩ. For Class-A, a common value is around 4.7kΩ.

5. $R_5$:

   • Function: This is a potentiometer, likely used for gain control or volume adjustments.
   • Suggested Value: 10kΩ is a good choice for audio applications allowing a wide control range.

1. Change $R_1$ (https://www.flux.ai/:handle/:documentSlug?fit=R1): 22kΩ
2. Change $R_2$ (https://www.flux.ai/:handle/:documentSlug?fit=R2): 4.7kΩ
3. Change $R_3$ (https://www.flux.ai/:handle/:documentSlug?fit=R3): 4.7kΩ
4. Change $R_4$ (https://www.flux.ai/:handle/:documentSlug?fit=R4): 4.7kΩ
5. Maintain $R_5$ (https://www.flux.ai/:handle/:documentSlug?fit=R5): 10kΩ Potentiometer

copilot

1. Choose a Potentiometer Value: A common value for audio volume control is 10kΩ or 50kΩ logarithmic (audio taper) potentiometer.
2. Connection Instructions:

   • The potentiometer will have three pins: wiper (middle pin), and two outer pins.

1. Connect the Input Signal

   • Connect one of the outer pins of P1 to the audio source input.
   • Example: Connect P1:1 to J2:T

2. Connect the Ground

   • Connect the other outer pin of P1 to the ground.
   • Example: Connect P1:3 to GND

3. Connect the Wiper

   • Connect the wiper (middle pin) of P1 to the input of the amplifier.
   • Example: Connect P1:2 to the existing connections where the input signal goes into the amplifier circuit.
   • In your project, it would be connecting to the combination of $C1:2$, $R2:P2$, $Q1:B$, $R1:P1$

• Connect P1:1 to J2:T.
• Connect P1:3 to GND.
• Connect P1:2 to the net that ties to $C1:2$, $R2:P2$, $Q1:B$, and $R1:P1$.

copilot

1. Select the Right Audio Jack: Depending on your requirements, you might choose a 3.5 mm TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve) jack for standard stereo audio. A common part is the SJ-3523-SMT.
2. Insert the Audio Jack in Your Schematic:

   • Add Component: Place the audio jack in your schematic by selecting it from the library using its MPN (like SJ-3523-SMT).
   • Connect Pins: Identify the pins of the audio jack. Typically, you'll have pins for the left audio, right audio, and ground connections.

     • Tip (T): Connect this to the left audio signal.
     • Ring (R): Connect this to the right audio signal.
     • Sleeve (S): Ground connection.

3. Make the Connections: Use wires to connect the audio jack pins to the appropriate audio signal and ground points in your schematic.

1. Place the SJ-3523-SMT:

   • Open the components library and add the SJ-3523-SMT to your workspace.

2. Make Connections:

   • Connect the Tip (T) of the SJ-3523-SMT to the left audio input. For example, if you're connecting to the amplifier circuit, it could be to $R1$:P1.
   • Connect the Ring (R) of the SJ-3523-SMT to the right audio input. It could be to $R2$:P1.
   • Connect the Sleeve (S) of the SJ-3523-SMT to the ground GND.

• Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to $R1$:P1.
• Connect SJ-3523-SMT:R to $R2$:P1.
• Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.

• Left Channel:

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to $$R1$$:P1.
  

• Right Channel:

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:R to $$R2$$:P1.
  

• Ground:

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.
  

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copilot

1. Left Channel (L):

   • This should handle the audio signal for the left speaker.

2. Right Channel (R):

   • This should handle the audio signal for the right speaker.

• Resistors (R1-R4)
• Capacitors (C1-C4)
• Transistor (Q1)
• Speaker (SPK1)

1. Additional Resistor for Right Channel (R5):

   • Match the properties with R1.

2. Additional Capacitors for Right Channel (C5 and C6):

   • Similar to C1 and C2.

3. Additional Transistor for Right Channel (Q2):

   • Match the properties with Q1.

4. Additional Speaker for Right Channel (SPK2):

   • Match the properties with SPK1.

• Tip (T) of the Audio Jack (Left Audio) to Left Channel:

  • Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to R1:P1.
  • Continue connections as detailed initially for the left channel.

• Ring (R) of the Audio Jack (Right Audio) to Right Channel:

  • Connect SJ-3523-SMT:R to R5:P1.
  • Similar to the left channel connections for right.

• Left Channel Connections:

  • Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to $R1$:P1.
  • Other connections for the left channel components remain the same.

• Right Channel Connections:

  • Connect SJ-3523-SMT:R to $R5$:P1.
  • Connect $R5$:P1 to $Q2$:B.
  • The right channel components will form a similar circuit to the left channel.

• Q2, R5, C5, and SPK2:

• R5 for Right Channel Resistor:

  • Connect R5:P1 to Q2:B.

• Q2 for Right Channel Transistor:

  • Similar to Q1 connection.

• C5 and C6 for Right Channel Capacitors:

  • Similar to C1 and C2 connections.

• SPK2 for Right Channel Speaker:

  • Connect $Q2$:C to SPK2:+.
  • Similarly, connect SPK2:- to GND.

• Connect $SJ-3523-SMT:T$ to $R1$:P1.
• Continue connections as previously detailed.

• Connect $SJ-3523-SMT:R$ to $R5$:P1.
• Connect $R5$:P1 to $Q2$:B.
• And so forth for additional right channel components.

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copilot

1. Select and Place the Audio Jack:

   • Use the SJ-3523-SMT or a similar mono audio jack from the components library.
   • Place it in your schematic.

• Tip (T): This is the signal input for the mono audio.
• Sleeve (S): This is the ground connection.

1. Tip to Amplifier Input:

   • Since the input net Net 1 includes components like $R1$, connect the Tip (T) to a component in this net.

2. Sleeve to Ground:

   • Connect the Sleeve (S) to the ground net GND.

1. Connect Tip (T) to Amplifier Input (Net 1):

   • Find a component on Net 1 to connect the Tip. Here, let's use $R1$ as a reference.

   Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to R1:P1.
   

2. Connect Sleeve (S) to Ground (GND):

   • Make this direct ground connection.

   Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.
   

• Tip (T) to Amplifier Input:

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to $R1$:P1.
  

• Sleeve (S) to Ground:

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.
  

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copilot

1. Connect Tip (T) to Input Coupling Capacitor $C1$:

   • The input signal from the audio jack goes through $C1$ to the amplifier input.

2. Connect Sleeve (S) to Ground (GND):

   • Maintain the ground reference connection.

1. Connect Tip (T) to $C1$:

   • The Tip pin of the SJ-3523-SMT should be connected to the input side of capacitor $C1$.

   Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to C1:1.
   

2. Connect $C1$ to Amplifier Input (Net 1):

   • Connect the other end of $C1$ to the input point, which is part of Net 1.

   Connect C1:2 to R1:P1.
   

3. Connect Sleeve (S) to Ground (GND):

   • Make the ground connection directly.

   Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.
   

• Tip (T) to Capacitor ($C1$):

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:T to $$C1$$:1.
  

• Capacitor ($C1$) to Amplifier Input (Net 1):

  Connect $$C1$$:2 to $$R1$$:P1.
  

• Sleeve (S) to Ground (GND):

  Connect SJ-3523-SMT:S to GND.
  

copilot

1. Input coupling capacitor: Blocks DC from entering the amplifier.
2. Power supply decoupling capacitors: Filters out power supply noise.
3. Feedback capacitor: Sets low-frequency cutoff in feedback networks.
4. Output coupling capacitor: Blocks DC and allows AC signals to pass to the load.

• Value: $0.1 \mu F$
• Type: Film or ceramic
• Voltage Rating: 25V or higher

• Value:

  • $100 \mu F$ electrolytic
  • $0.1 \mu F$ ceramic

• Voltage Rating: 25V or higher

• Value: $10 \mu F$
• Type: Electrolytic
• Voltage Rating: 25V or higher

• Value: $220 \mu F$
• Type: Electrolytic
• Voltage Rating: 25V or higher

• 0.1 $\mu F$ Capacitor

  • Manufacturer Part Number (MPN): C0603C104K3RACTU

• 100 $\mu F$ Capacitor

  • Manufacturer Part Number (MPN): EKMG350ELL101MJ16S

• 10 $\mu F$ Capacitor

  • Manufacturer Part Number (MPN): UVR2A100MED

• 220 $\mu F$ Capacitor

  • Manufacturer Part Number (MPN): UPW2A221MPD6

1. Input Coupling Capacitor (C1)

   • Connect C1:1 to the input signal line
   • Connect C1:2 to the input of the amplifier stage.

2. Power Supply Decoupling Capacitors (C2, C3)

   • Connect C2:1, C3:1 to the +12V power rail
   • Connect C2:2, C3:2 to the ground.

3. Feedback Capacitor (C4)

   • Connect C4:1 to the feedback resistor (typically connected to the inverting input of the amplifier)
   • Connect C4:2 to the ground to set the low-frequency cutoff of the feedback network.

4. Output Coupling Capacitor (C5)

   • Connect C5:1 to the output of the amplifier
   • Connect C5:2 to the load (e.g., speaker or further signal path)

copilot

• Output Impedance: 8 ohms
• Output Power: 5W

• Supply Voltage (Vcc): To be determined
• Load Impedance (R_L): 8 ohms
• Quiescent Current (I_q): To be determined
• Transistor Type: Let's use an NPN transistor, like 2N3055
• Biasing Network: Resistors and capacitors for stability and proper DC biasing
• Feedback Network: If needed to reduce distortion

1. Output Power ($P_{out}$):
   $$P_{out} = 5W$$
2. Load Impedance ($R_L$):
   $$R_L = 8 \, \Omega$$
3. RMS Voltage ($V_{RMS}$):
   $$V_{RMS} = \sqrt{P_{out} \cdot R_L} \implies V_{RMS} = \sqrt{5 \cdot 8} = \sqrt{40} \approx 6.32V$$
4. Peak Voltage ($V_{peak}$):
   $$V_{peak} = V_{RMS} \cdot \sqrt{2} \implies V_{peak} = 6.32 \cdot 1.41 \approx 8.93V$$
5. Quiescent Current ($I_q$): Since Class A means the transistor conducts for the entire cycle, the peak collector current will be:
   $$I_{peak} = \frac{V_{peak}}{R_L} \implies I_{peak} = \frac{8.93}{8} \approx 1.12A$$
   To maintain linearity, the quiescent current should be at least equal to the peak current.
   $$I_q \approx 1.12A$$
6. Supply Voltage (Vcc): Allowing for some headroom and considering the saturation voltage of the transistor (roughly 2V):
   $$V_{cc} \approx V_{peak} + 2V = 8.93 + 2 \approx 10.93V \implies 12V (standard value)$$

• Transistor: 2N3055 (NPN Bipolar Transistor)
• Collector Resistor ($R_C$): Equivalent to load impedance, 8 ohms.
• Emitter Resistor ($R_E$): To set the bias stability, can use a value of around 1 ohm.
• Biasing Resistors (R1 and R2): To voltage divide and set the base voltage.
• Coupling Capacitors (C1, C2): To block DC while allowing AC signals to pass.
• Bypass Capacitor ($C_E$): To stabilize the emitter voltage.

• Resistive Divider and Bias Setup:

  • Connect R1 between Vcc and the transistor base.
  • Connect R2 between the transistor base and ground.
  • Connect a bypass capacitor across the emitter resistor.

• Signal Input:

1. Bias Network:

   • Connect R1 to Vcc and the base of the transistor.
   • Connect R2 to base and ground.
   • Connect a bypass capacitor C_E parallel to R_E.

2. Coupling Capacitors:

   • Connect C1 in series with the signal input to the base.
   • Connect C2 in series with the collector to the load.

3. Collector Load:

   • Connect R_C between Vcc and the collector.
   • Connect the load (8 ohms) to the collector via C2.

              +12V
                |
               [R1]
                |
               B
           +---|----+
           |   |C   |
Signal--[C1]   |    |
           |   Q    [R_C]
          [R2] 2N3055|
           |   |    C2---> Load (8 ohms)
           +---|----+
               E
               |
              [R_E]
               |
              [C_E]
               |
              GND